Table 4.
Therapeutic peptides in this article delivered by CPPs.
| Type | Therapeutic Peptide | CPP | Functions | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anticancer peptides (ACPs) | p16Ink | Penetratin | Inhibits pancreatic cancer growth and prolongs survival in vivo | [94] |
| p27kip | Tat | Inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) | [95] | |
| p21(WAF1/CIP1) | Tat | A cytotoxic peptide mimic of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor | [96] | |
| p53C’ | D-isomer FHV/D-Pas | An anticancer peptide derived from the C-terminus of p53 that inhibits GIC growth in vitro and in vivo | [97] | |
| PNC-28 | Penetratin | A peptide derived from the MDM-2-binding domain of p53 that can block pancreatic cancer cell growth in vivo and induce tumor cell necrosis in 13 different human cancer cell lines | [99,100] | |
| KLA | PTD-5/IMT-P8/Tat/polyarginine | A proapoptotic peptide and used as a therapeutic peptide to destroy the mitochondrial membrane | [101,102] | |
| Cyclic peptide P15 | Tat | A cyclic peptide that blocks CK2 that is frequently dysregulated in many human tumors and exhibits antitumor effect in vivo | [103] | |
| HPRP-A1 | iRGD | A cationic peptide that kills cancer cells by disrupting the cell membrane and inducing apoptosis in vitro | [130] | |
| S100A1 | Tat | It can influence the p53–MDM2 interaction credibly and possibly reactivates the wild-type p53 pathway | [106] | |
| Antidiabetic peptides (ADPs) | GLP-1 | D-R8 /penetratin/ D-penetratin /TCTP-PTD 13M2/TCTP-PTD 13M3 |
An important incretin hormone, derived from intestine, that can induce insulin secretion from pancreatic islets to regulate glucose homeostasis in vivo | [113,114,131] |
| Exenedin-4 | Penetratin/D-penetratin/TCTP-PTD 13M2/TCTP-PTD 13M3 | A clinically available antidiabetic peptide derived from the salivary secretions of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) | [111] | |
| Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) | KR-12 | Tat | Residues 18–29 of human cathelicidin LL-37 have anti-inflammatory properties and good cell selectivity | [118,120] |
| Magainin and M15 | R9 | Cationic and amphipathic α-helical peptides can exert their activity by permeabilizing cytoplasmic membranes | [132] | |
| Salusin-β | Tat/Pen-BR/Pen-RRR/HEXIM1 BR | A peptide previously used in cardiovascular diseases and in several cancer cell lines that has shown antibacterial ability after conjugation with CPPs | [133] | |
| Pep-1 | / | A peptide that has weak activity against Bacillus subtilis and can inhibit intracellular chlamydial infection not extracellular chlamydiae | [127] | |
| Pep-1-K | / | A new AMP derived from Pep-1 that has stronger antimicrobial effects because of the high affinity to bacterial membranes | [129] |