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. 2023 Jul 27;16(8):1065. doi: 10.3390/ph16081065

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Linagliptin activates autophagy in the hippocampi of cadmium-intoxicated rats. This was demonstrated by SQSTM-1/p62-diminished accumulation (A) and Beclin-1-upregulated protein expression (B) in the hippocampi of cadmium-intoxicated rats. N = 6 in each group (mean ± standard error of the mean). A p-value of less than 0.05 was significant. *** p < 0.001, compared to control; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01, compared to cadmium (Tukey’s test for multi-comparisons and one-way ANOVA). Cd, cadmium chloride; LIN, linagliptin; SQSTM-1/p62, sequestome sequestosome-1/protein 62.