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. 2023 Jul 25;11(8):1278. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11081278

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) The variety of nanoparticle formulations based on plant viruses, (B) These formulations of plant virus-based nanoparticles (PVNPs) have the ability to concentrate drug and imaging agents through passive-targeting delivery reliant on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) outcome in tumors, (C) Active targeting can be achieved by attaching ligands specific to the biomarkers present on cancer cells to the surface of PVNPs, allowing for the specific targeting of cancer cells [61].