. 2023 Aug 20;15(16):3652. doi: 10.3390/nu15163652

Table 1.

Baseline clinical features in women with PCOS divided according to VAT, SAT, VAT/SAT ratio and WHR.

Parameters	VAT ≤120 cm n = 31	VAT >120 cm² n = 25	p-Value *	SAT ≤225 cm² n = 47	SAT >225 cm² n = 9	p-Value *	VAT/SAT ≤0.9 n = 29	VAT/SAT >0.9 n = 27	p-Value *	WHR <0.85 n = 35	WHR ≥0.85 n = 21	p-Value *
AGE AND ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
Age (years)	25.65 ± 4.46	26.36 ± 3.65	NS	26.28 ± 4.26	24.33 ± 2.78	NS	25.66 ± 4.55	26.3 ± 3.61	NS	25.6 ± 3.85	26.57 ± 4.51	NS
	25	26		25	24		25	26		25	26
	19–38	21–36		19–38	21–29		19–38	21–36		19–35	21–38
Weight (kg)	60.01 ± 7.96	95.82 ± 15.41	<0.001	70.51 ± 17.86	104.64 ± 15.23	<0.001	60.39 ± 8.39	92.76 ± 18.32	<0.001	66.55 ± 17.66	91.73 ± 17.91	<0.001
	58	94		66.7	111		58.9	93		59	91
	45–75	70–126.4		45–119	83.7–126.4		45–75	56–126.4		45–117	63–126.4
Height (cm)	166.26 ± 4.27	167.24 ± 6.07	NS	166.83 ± 5.1	166 ± 5.48	NS	166.45 ± 4.35	166.96 ± 5.92	NS	166.91 ± 5.03	166.33 ± 5.38	NS
	165	165		165	165		166	165		166	165
	158–174	158–180		158–180	159–174		158–174	158–180		158–178	159–180
BMI kg/m²	21.65 ± 2.69	34.2 ± 5.03	<0.001	25.21 ± 5.88	37.92 ± 4.97	<0.001	21.73 ± 2.82	33.18 ± 6.05	<0.001	23.77 ± 5.91	33.06 ± 5.86	<0.001
	21.2	35.5		23.5	39.3		21.5	34.5		22.3	34.50
	17.2–27.8	24.8–42.9		17.2–36.7	28.7–42.9		17.2–27.8	21–42.9		17.2–42.9	23.4–41.7
WC (cm)	72.77 ± 7.96	104.28 ± 10.94	<0.001	81.94 ± 15.24	112.44 ± 9.96	<0.001	73.07 ± 8.58	101.63 ± 13.93	<0.001	77.11 ± 13.23	103.05 ± 13.65	<0.001
	73	103		76	113		72	103		74	103
	58–92	86–126		58–118	96–126		58–92	73–126		58–113	73–126
HC (cm)	92.03 ± 7.37	117.84 ± 10.09	<0.001	99.62 ± 13.15	124.11 ± 9.99	<0.001	92.76 ± 7.71	115.15 ± 13.32	<0.001	97.63 ± 14.13	113.43 ± 12.7	<0.001
	92	120		97	124		93	114		94	114
	72–104	100–140		72–128	113–140		72–104	84–140		72–140	84–137
WHR	0.79 ± 0.05	0.88 ± 0.06	<0.001	0.82 ± 0.06	0.9 ± 0.07	0.002	0.79 ± 0.05	0.88 ± 0.06	<0.001	0.79 ± 0.04	0.9 ± 0.05	<0.001
	0.79	0.87		0.82	0.9		0.78	0.87		0.8	0.88
	0.7–0.9	0.8–1		0.7–1	0.81–1		0.7–0.9	0.8–1		0.7–0.8	0.9–1
BODY COMPOSITION
FFM (kg)	44.08 ± 3.06	53.01 ± 5.35	<0.001	46.99 ± 5.7	53.65 ± 5.49	0.002	44.25 ± 3.11	52.16 ± 5.97	<0.001	45.91 ± 5.49	51.65 ± 5.55	<0.001
	44.14	52.03		46.03	56.1		48.88	51.3		45.54	50.4
	37.4–49.1	43.5–64.1		37.4–64.1	43.5–62		37.4–49.1	40.4–64.1		37.4–62.6	42.5–64.1
FFM (%)	74.1 ± 5.63	55.94 ± 4.84	<0.001	68.75 ± 9.07	51.6 ± 3.09	<0.001	74.01 ± 5.98	57.38 ± 6.83	<0.001	71.16 ± 8.97	57.38 ± 6.53	<0.001
	73.71	55.35		70.79	50.95		73.75	55.91		72.9	55.35
	62.5–84.2	48.1–66.3		53.7–84.2	48.1–57.9		62.5–84.2	48.1–73.6		48.8–84.2	48.1–71.6
FM (kg)	15.94 ± 5.39	42.81 ± 10.96	<0.001	23.52 ± 12.53	50.99 ± 10.13	<0.001	16.15 ± 5.75	40.59 ± 13.1	<0.001	20.64 ± 12.57	40.08 ± 13.06	<0.001
	15.25	42.74		19.86	54.45		15.03	41.97		15.86	40.21
	7.5–28.2	23.6–64.4		7.5–54.9	36.6–64.4		7.5–28.2	15.7–64.4		7.5–59.9	17.9–64.4
FM (%)	25.9 ± 5.63	44.22 ± 5.03	<0.001	31.25 ± 9.07	48.84 ± 3.3	<0.001	25.99 ± 5.98	42.76 ± 6.99	<0.001	28.84 ± 8.97	42.81 ± 6.75	<0.001
	26.29	44.65		29.21	49.46		26.28	44.09		27.1	44.65
	15.8–37.5	33.7–52		15.8–46.3	42.1–52		15.8–37.5	26.4–52		15.8–51.2	28.4–52
MM (kg)	19.13 ± 1.51	23.46 ± 2.42	<0.001	20.54 ± 2.73	23.78 ± 2.45	0.002	19.19 ± 1.56	23.08 ± 2.7	<0.001	20.06 ± 2.62	22.74 ± 2.65	<0.001
	19.41	22.9		20.18	24.91		19.41	22.79		19.98	22.5
	14.8–21.4	19.3–28.3		14.18–28.3	19.3–27.6		14.8–21.4	17.8–28.3		14.8–27.6	18.6–28.3
VAT (cm²)	55.87 ± 29.58	276.4 ± 78.87	<0.001	116.98 ± 97.89	349.33 ± 2	<0.001	53.69 ± 29.98	262.41 ± 90.79	<0.001	86.37 ± 79.78	267.57 ± 100.31	<0.001
	51	296		66	350		51	291		51	301
	21–116	131–350		21–350	344–350		21–134	88–350		21–350	66–350
SAT (cm²)	89.45 ± 34.97	224.36 ± 75.28	<0.001	118.94 ± 53.71	310.22 ± 43.99	<0.001	91.76 ± 36.05	211.89 ± 84.67	<0.001	105.46 ± 50.07	223.38 ± 88.55	<0.001
	78	202		119	285		78	200		100	219
	37–194	123–380		37–222	266–380		45–194	37–380		45–267	37–380
VAT/SAT	0.64 ± 0.36	1.51 ± 0.39	<0.001	0.89 ± 0.5	1.75 ± 0.36	<0.001	0.56 ± 0.13	1.53 ± 0.42	<0.001	0.72 ± 0.33	1.55 ± 0.52	<0.001
	0.55	1.5		0.65	1.89		0.53	1.5		0.57	1.59
	0.4–2.4	0.9–2.4		0.4–2.4	1.2–2.4		0.4–0.9	0.9–2.4		0.4–1.6	0.5–2.4
BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	89.94 ± 5.69	93.74 ± 7.93	NS	92.05 ± 7.38	89.44 ± 3.88	NS	89.66 ± 5.66	93.75 ± 7.72	NS	90.55 ± 5.86	93.43 ± 8.38	NS
	90	93		91.8	90		90	93		90	93
	77.4–100.8	81–122		77.4–122	81–94		77.4–100.8	81–122		77.4–101	81,122
Fasting insulin (μU/mL)	5.25 ± 1.95	10.76 ± 4.67	<0.001	7.04 ± 3.84	11.2 ± 5.61	0.007	4.97 ± 1.4	10.66 ± 4.6	<0.001	6.59 ± 3.72	9.58 ± 4.85	0.005
	5	9.4		6.1	10.6		5	9.6		5.8	8.1
	2.5–11.2	4.8–24.1		2.5–20.1	4.8–24.1		2.5–7.4	4.5–24.1		2.5–20.1	4.5–24.1
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	10.13 ± 2.77	5.64 ± 2.68	<0.001	8.61 ± 3.57	5.6 ± 1.78	0.013	10.4 ± 2.95	6.68 ± 2.18	<0.001	9.28 ± 3.56	6.2 ± 2.48	<0.001
	10	5.3		8.3	5.9		10.3	5.6		8.8	5.7
	5.6–16.2	2.2–16.4		3.2–16.4	2.2–7.9		5.6–16.4	2.2–13.2		2.2–16.4	3.2–13.2
Leptin (ng/mL)	7.97 ± 6.62	22.41 ± 9.52	<0.001	12.7 ± 10.67	23.37 ± 5.9	0.001	7.8 ± 6.81	21.52 ± 9.69	<0.001	8.53 ± 5.83	24.22 ± 9.97	<0.001
	6.3	20.6		9.2	22.5		6.1	20.4		7.7	22.5
	1.4–32.4	8.3–48.2		1.4–48.2	13.4–33.2		1.4–32.4	8.3–48.2		1.4–21.5	7.8–48.2
Resistin (ng/mL)	6.16 ± 1.67	8.7 ± 2.66	<0.001	7.01 ± 2.45	8.77 ± 2.37	0.027	6.10 ± 1.71	8.57 ± 2.61	<0.001	6.8 ± 2.68	8.1 ± 1.97	0.002
	5.7	8.1		6.2	8.3		5.7	8		5.9	7.9
	4.1–13.2	5.3–15.7		4.1–15.7	5.7–11.8		4.1–13.2	5.3–15.7		4.1–15.7	5.5–11.9
HOMA-IR	1.17 ± 0.46	2.52 ± 1.17	<0.001	1.63 ± 0.98	2.5 ± 1.33	0.014	1.10 ± 0.32	2.49 ± 1.15	<0.001	1.49 ± 0.89	2.24 ± 1.22	0.007
	1.1	2.3		1.3	2.4		1.1	2.3		1.3	1.9
	0.5–2.5	1.1–5.6		0.5–4.8	1.1–5.6		0.5–1.7	1–5.6		0.5–4.8	1–5.6
HOMA-AD	2.84 ± 1.57	11.5 ± 5.94	<0.001	5.87 ± 5.68	11.07 ± 5.79	0.005	2.54 ± 0.98	11.18 ± 5.84	<0.001	5.02 ± 5.45	9.51 ± 5.84	<0.001
	2.3	11.4		3.4	11.6		2.3	10.9		2.8	8.3
	1.2–8.3	2.2–24		1.2–24	3.4–20		1.2–4.6	1.7–24		1.2–24	1.7–23.2
L/A	0.93 ± 1.13	4.68 ± 2.74	<0.001	2.21 ± 2.68	4.69 ± 2.12	0.002	0.9 ± 1.16	4.44 ± 2.77	<0.001	1.37 ± 1.84	4.66 ± 2.78	<0.001
	0.7	4.3		0.9	4.3		0.6	4.1		0.8	4.6
	0.1–5.8	0.6–12.1		0.1–12.1	2–9.3		0.1–5.8	0.7–12.1		0.1–9.3	0.7–12.1
DIET SCORE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Diet score	8.39 ± 2.54	6.54 ± 1.95	0.002	7.8 ± 2.52	6.33 ± 1.71	NS	8.21 ± 2.58	6.87 ± 2.16	0.023	8.13 ± 1.19	6.62 ± 2.64	0.026
	9	6		7.5	6		8.5	6.5		8	6
	1.5–13	4–12		1.5–13	4.5–9		1.5–13	4–12		4–13	1.5–12
Moderate [min/week]	295.59 ± 143.76	296.64 ± 133.32	NS	301.84 ± 144.1	265.86 ± 101.03	NS	307.57 ± 145.05	283.7 ± 131.49	NS	292.47 ± 136.01	302.04 ± 144.3	NS
	256.8	217.8		256.8	291		256.8	271.8		256.8	293
	73.7–222.2	71.5–602.7		73.7–611	71.5–379.7		102.2–611	71.5–602.7		73.7–611	71.5–602.7
Vigorous [min/week]	30.35 ± 46.18	7.71 ± 7.75	0.005	22.98 ± 39.05	5.96 ± 4.67	NS	31.3 ± 47.67	8.37 ± 7.66	0.026	27.8 ± 44.16	7.64 ± 6.62	0.027
	11.2	5.7		9	5.7		11.2	8		10.7	6.3
	0.2–223.7	0–38.2		0.2–223.7	0–13.2		0.2–223.7	0–38.2		0.2–223.7	0–29.2
MVPA [min/week]	325.94 ± 146.42	304.36 ± 136.98	NS	234.82 ± 146.78	271.83 ± 104.69	NS	338.87 ± 145.6	292.07 ± 135.27	NS	320.27 ± 139.1	309.69 ± 148.42	NS
	304	273.5		302.3	269.7		239.5	273.5		302.3	301.5
	82.2–627.3	72.2–609		82.2–627.3	72.2–385.3		106–627.3	72.2–609		82.2–627.3	72.2–609

Data are mean ± standard deviation, median and interquartile ranges. * Mann–Whitney test; p < 0.05. Abbreviations: VAT—visceral fat surface; SAT—subcutaneous fat surface; VAT/SAT—visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio; WHR—waist to hip ratio; BMI—body mass index; WC—waist circumference; HC—hip circumference; FFM—fat-free mass; FM—fat mass; MM—muscle mass; HOMA-IR—homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-AD—homeostatic model assessment—adiponectin; L/A—leptin to adiponectin ratio; MVPA—moderate to vigorous physical activity; NS—not statistically significant.