Table 5.

Overview of compound types, NP types, irradiation parameters, cell lines used in experiments, and corresponding results.

Non-Porphyrin PS	NPs	Parameters	Cell Line	Results	Ref
ICG	HA-PAMAM-COOH	808 nm, 1.5 W/cm2, 10 min	A375	Almost total tumour ablation due to synergistic effect of PDT, PTT, and chemotherapy after treatment with ICG- and TMZ-loaded HA-PAMAM-COOH exposed to NIR radiation.	[159]
ICG	AuBPs	785 nm, 190 mW, 15 min	B16-F10	More than 90% of the melanoma cells were killed due to the combined PDT/PTT effect after treatment with hybrid nanosystem AuBPs@PLA@ICG@FA.	[161]
ICG	MnO2@BSA	808 nm, 1 W/cm2, 5 min	B16-F10	A 65–75% kill rate of the melanoma cells, according to used MnO2-ICG@BSA concentrations, due to PDT/PTT effect.	[163]
ICG	Chitosan-coated liposomes	775 nm, 250 mW, 2.5 min	B16-F10	Cytotoxicity was enhanced by chitosan concentration. At 0.1% chitosan concentration, ICG-loaded liposomes’ cytotoxicity was increased by irradiation (approximately 70% cell viability).	[164]
IR820	CAT-PLGA-HA	808 nm, power density of 4 W/cm2, 5 min	MV3, M14, and A375	The novel drug delivery nanoplatform could be used to alleviate hypoxia in the tumour microenvironment and improve the efficacy of PDT, providing a foundation for further research into novel melanoma treatment techniques.	[170]
RB	NH2-MSNs	540 nm, 5 min	SK-MEL-28	Reduced cell proliferation after irradiation.	[171]
RB + NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+	PLGA	520–560 nm, 10 J/cm2, 5 min	MeWo and Me-45	Significant reduction in cell viability for both melanoma cell lines (>90% for MeWo).	[173]
RB + NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+	PLGA	980 nm, 6.2 W/cm2, 5 min	MeWo	Restructuration and destabilization of cytoskeletons F-actin fibres.	[173]
RB conjugated with methoxypolyethylene glycol	Self-assembly hydrophilic NP	λ > 500 nm, 27 J/cm2, 30 min	HepG2, MCF-7 and B16-F10	Boosted cellular uptake, enhanced intracellular ROS generation, improved synergistic anticancer efficacy.	[174]
MB	HGNSs-PEG	670 nm, 14.9 mW/cm2, 9 min	DFW and MCF-7	A 2% cell survival rate for DFW and a 3% cell survival rate for MCF-7, at a HGNSs-PEG-MB concentration of 20µM.	[175]
MB + veliparib	PLGA	660 nm, 102 J/cm2	B16-F10-Nex2	Cell viability decreased by 36% for 1 µM concentration of MB and 8.3 µM concentration of veliparib.	[176]
Quinizarin	Poly-(methyl methacrylate)	blue LED 450 (±20 nm), fluences ranging from 1.0 to 25 J.cm−2	B16-F10	PDT assays demonstrated significantly increased cell death with higher QZ-PP-NP concentration and LED light fluence, mainly inducing apoptotic cell death.	[177]
I2-BDP	UiO-66	visible light irradiation at a power density of 80 mW cm−2 for 10 min	B16-F10	The IC50 for the light-activated UiO-PDT on B16-F10 cell line was obtained at a concentration of 0.70, μg mL−1.	[178]
I2BDP	PCN-222	405 nm, 4 mW/cm2, 3 h	B16-F10	Irradiation of PCN–I2BDP(Nano) with light induces high cytotoxic activity.	[179]
Hyp	F127-FA/ F127-SN/ F127-BT	550−625 nm, 35 mW/cm2, 46.8 J/cm2 light dose, 40 min	B16-F10	CC50 of 0.24 ± 0.02 µmol/L for Hyp—F127-BT	[180]
Curcumin	Silica	blue LED 465 nm; 34 mW/cm2	A375	Curcumin–Si nanocomplex in PDT displays low toxicity on normal cells, but toxic effect on A375 cells at 50 µg/mL, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, and enhancing intracellular ROS generation.	[181]
ISQ	BSA-AuNC@AuNR	808 nm, power density of 1 W/cm2, 4 min	A375	The combined effect of the targeted photo- and chemotherapies produced an appreciable toxicity to the melanoma cells.	[182]