Table 1.
Summary of case reports [16-19, 21-26, 28-35] or case series [20, 27] on Scedosporium apiospermum (SA) related ocular infections
| Author (Year of publication) | Characteristics of subjects | Main findings |
|---|---|---|
| Lenk et al. (2020) [ 16 ] | 44-year-old contact lens wearer. | Right eye keratitis; unsuccessful antimycotic treatment and corneal colla- gen crosslinking procedures necessitated keratoplasty. |
| Loh et al. (2018) [ 17 ] | 48-year-old male with DM. | Orbital apex syndrome subsequent to dental caries in the upper molars and pansinusitis, which were complicated with bilateral loss of vision. |
| Todokoro et al. (2018) [ 18 ] | 75-year-old immunocompromised male, re- ceived posterior subtenon triamcinolone ace- tonide injection to treat macular edema due to left eye branch retinal vein occlusion. | Infectious scleritis, successfully treated with topical and systemic VRCZ and repetitive surgical debridement. |
| Zoroquiain et al. (2017) [ 19 ] | 56-year-old healthy female. | Palpebral mycetoma treated with systemic VRCZ; resolved after 18 weeks. |
| Bui et al. 2016 [ 20 ] | Two female patients with SA induced exog- enous endophthalmitis. Case 1: 44-year-old healthy contact lens wearer, and case 2: 78-year- old with left eye advanced glaucoma, who had history of mitomycin C assisted trabeculecto- my. | Despite fulminant left eye involvement, both cases were managed with immediate surgical intervention, combined with intravitreal and systemic VRCZ postoperatively. Final BCVA was 20/20 in case 1, and hand motion in case 2. |
| Fernandez-Flores et al. (2016) [ 21 ] | 71-year-old immunocompromised male. | Left eye endophthalmitis with antecedent conjunctivitis, which evolved into phtisis bulbi, leading to globe removal. |
| Vanzzini-Zago et al. (2016) [ 22 ] | 69-year-old male with DM. | Blind painful right eye with endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Scedo- sporium boydii, which deteriorated despite medical treatment and resulted in enucleation. |
| Roy et al. (2016) [ 23 ] | 32-year-old healthy male with history of left eye trauma caused by plant matter. | Endophthalmitis secondary to keratomycosis, which was treated with com- bined keratoplasty, PPV, and intravitreal AB. Final vision was LP and the eye became phthisical. |
| Palanisamy et al. (2015) [ 24 ] | 30-year-old healthy female. | Left eye keratomycosis caused by the Graphium state of SA, successfully treated with topical natamycin, econazole, and itraconazole. |
| Jutley et al. (2015) [ 25 ] | 65-year-old immunocompetent female. | Right eye keratitis following phacoemulsification, successfully treated with systemic and topical VRCZ, topical natamycin, dexamethasone, and cyc- losporine. |
| Hayashi et al. (2014) [ 26 ] | 78-year-old healthy female. | Sclerokeratitis caused by SA and Aspergillus cibarius, treated with combined keratoplasty, systemic caspofungin/itraconazole, and both systemic and topical VRCZ. The final vision was the LP at the 7th month follow-up as the sclerokeratitis led to bullous keratopathy. |
| Moloney et al (2014) [ 27 ] | Four patients with an underlying malignancy (3 females, and 1 male, age range: 60‒78 years). | Scedosporium species detected in all patients; one was SA. All patients had endophthalmitis and received systemic VRCZ and topical antifungal treat- ment. Two patients underwent enucleation, one of them had SA-induced endophthalmitis, while the other two achieve a BCVA of LP and NLP. |
| Kepez Yildiz et al. (2014) [ 28 ] | 62-year-old immunocompetent female with right eye injury sustained during gardening. | Keratitis that required penetrating tectonic keratoplasty and lensectomy with continuation of anti-fungal therapy (topical VRCZ, vancomycin, cef- tazidime, and systemic VRCZ). Her final BCVA was 20/200 with aphakic correction. |
| Fadzillah et al. (2013) [ 29 ] | 47-year-old female with DM. | Left eye keratitis successfully treated with topical AB and VRCZ (BCVA: 20/30). |
| Kalkan Akçay et al. (2013) [ 30 ] | 61-year-old female with history of right eye foreign body trauma, with no known systemic disease or drug history. | Keratitis refractory to topical and systemic VRCZ along with topical nata- mycin; required keratoplasty but the patient refused. |
| Belenitsky et al. (2012) [ 31 ] | 83-year-old male with DM. | Right eye endophthalmitis treated with PPV and intravitreal VRCZ, with full recovery of vision (BCVA: 20/40). |
| Al-Badriyeh et al. (2009) [ 32 ] | 54-year-old immunocompetent female. | Right eye keratitis was treated with topical natamycin, but relapsed, and was then treated successfully with topical VRCZ (BCVA: 20/30). |
| Yoon et al. (2008) [ 33 ] | 54-year-old immunocompromised male. | Right eye SA-induced keratitis demonstrated by a molecular genetic meth- od and successfully treated with topical AB. |
| Jain et al. (2007) [ 34 ] | Three immunocompromised female patients with disseminated SA, left eye endogenous endophthalmitis, having ages of 59 years, 37 years, and 21 years (case 1, case 2, and case 3, respectively). | Case 1: eye deteriorated despite medical treatment and underwent limited exenteration, but the patient died 6 months later. Case 2: eye developed retinal detachment, which was treated with scleral buckling and PPV, but the patient died shortly thereafter. Case 3: received bilateral intravitreal in- jections of AB and PPV, followed by weekly intravitreal itraconazole, but no visual recovery was achieved, and she died shortly thereafter. |
| Chen et al. (2007) [ 35 ] | Two immunocompromised male patients (56 years and 62 years of age). | Left eye with endogenous endophthalmitis; treated with intravitreal and systemic VRCZ, but both patients underwent enucleation due to unrelent- ing ocular pain deterioration. |
Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; VRCZ, voriconazole; SA, Scedosporium apiospermum; BCVA, best corrected visual acuity; PPV, pars plana vitrectomy; AB, amphotericin B; LP, light perception; NLP, no light perception.