Table 2.
Health and descriptive data on participating boys, scoring high on respective measure on mental health in 2004, 2009, and 2014
| 2004 (n = 1873–1963) | 2009 (n = 1471–1520) | 2014 (n = 2066–2264) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mental Health scale, above 80th percentile | SCL-25, above 80th percentile | TSCC, above 80th percentile | |||||||
| No | Yes | p value | No | Yes | p value | No | Yes | p value | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||
| Living conditions | 0.080 | 0.015 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Living with both parents1 | 1262 (71.7) | 126 (65.6) | 986 (73.3) | 106 (64.2) | 1461 (74.6) | 183 (60.0) | |||
| Not living with both parents | 499 (28.3) | 66 (34.4) | 360 (26.7) | 59 (35.8) | 497 (25.4) | 122 (40.0) | |||
| Economic status | |||||||||
| Employed mother | 1387 (80.3) | 125 (65.8) | < .001 | 1167 (87.1) | 125 (77.2) | 0.001 | 1731 (94.0) | 249 (87.7) | < .001 |
| Employed father | 1412 (84.0) | 135 (72.2) | < .001 | 1203 (91.4) | 132 (85.2) | 0.011 | 1766 (92.3) | 254 (86.4) | 0.001 |
| Study program | 0.504 | 0.005 | 0.012 | ||||||
| Vocational | 735 (41.8) | 85 (44.3) | 619 (45.7) | 95 (57.2) | 702 (35.8) | 132 (43.3) | |||
| Theoretical | 1025 (58.2) | 107 (55.7) | 735 (54.3) | 71 (42.8) | 1257 (64.2) | 173 (56.7) | |||
| Immigrant status | < 0.001 | 0.023 | 0.551 | ||||||
| Born in Sweden | 1527 (86.3) | 137 (70.6) | 1265 (94.1) | 145 (89.5) | 1799 (91.8) | 277 (90.8) | |||
| Born outside of Sweden | 242 (13.7) | 57 (39.4) | 79 (5.9) | 17 (10.5) | 160 (8.2) | 28 (9.2) | |||
| Rule-breaking | |||||||||
| Truancy2 | 1394 (82.4) | 164 (90.1) | 0.009 | 1066 (80.4) | 148 (92.5) | < 0.001 | 332 (17.0) | 105 (34.5) | < 0.001 |
| Tried hashish/cannabis | 441 (25.2) | 70 (36.5) | 0.001 | 296 (22.1) | 62 (38.3) | < 0.001 | 465 (23.8) | 101 (33.4) | < 0.001 |
| Weak family | |||||||||
| Low caring parents | 34 (1.9) | 5 (2.6) | 0.512 | 42 (3.1) | 12 (7.4) | 0.006 | 47 (2.4) | 28 (9.2) | < 0.001 |
| High controlling parents | 63 (3.6) | 24 (12.6) | < 0.001 | 139 (10.4) | 45 (27.6) | < 0.001 | 222 (11.4) | 95 (31.4) | < 0.001 |
| Early sexual debut3 | 99 (8.1) | 18 (12.6) | 0.067 | 82 (8.7) | 24 (19.7) | < 0.001 | 89 (7.4) | 34 (16.4) | < 0.001 |
| Sexual abuse4 | 378 (21.3) | 73 (37.6) | < 0.001 | 68 (5.1) | 26 (16.0) | < 0.001 | 123 (6.9) | 54 (18.9) | < 0.001 |
| Penetrating abuse | 88 (5.0) | 20 (10.3) | 0.002 | 35 (2.6) | 12 (7.4) | 0.001 | 37 (2.1) | 15 (5.3) | 0.001 |
| Ever watched pornography | 0.771 | 0.009 | 0.065 | ||||||
| No | 43 (2.5) | 4 (2.1) | 87 (6.6) | 19 (12.3) | 178 (9.2) | 18 (5.9) | |||
| Yes | 1706 (97.5) | 185 (97.9) | 1238 (93.4) | 135 (87.7) | 1767 (90.8) | 285 (94.1) | |||
| If yes: watched deviant pornography5 | 301 (17.6) | 51 (27.6) | 0.001 | 207 (16.7) | 36 (26.7) | 0.004 | 199 (11.3) | 65 (22.8) | < 0.001 |
| Frequency of watching | 0.072 | 0.298 | 0.020 | ||||||
| Some time each month | 504 (30.9) | 53 (30.5) | 346 (28.0) | 34 (22.8) | 383 (19.9) | 42 (13.9) | |||
| Never or once/twice a year | 475 (29.1) | 38 (21.8) | 248 (20.1) | 36 (24.2) | 328 (17.0) | 46 (15.2) | |||
| Weekly or daily | 652 (40.0) | 83 (47.7) | 640 (51.9) | 79 (53.0) | 1215 (63.1) | 214 (70.9) | |||
1Living with both parents include “alternating between mother and father”
2In 2004 and 2009 the question was “Have you skipped school?”, in 2014, the question was “Have you frequently skipped school?”
3Before the age of 14 years (only those who had had their sexual debut)
4The question about fondling was more strictly defined in 2009 and 2014 studies
5Included violent, animal and child pornography