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. 2023 May 30;182(8):3419–3431. doi: 10.1007/s00431-023-04994-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Studies search flow diagram. The electronic databases search identified 196 citations on PubMed and 261 on Scopus. After analyzing titles and abstracts, duplicates were removed and full text were individuated and assessed for eligibility. 16 articles were selected after other ones looked like they had different outcomes or included patients without gastrointestinal symptoms, not comparing to the diagnostic gold standard OFC or not identifying specificity or sensitivity. One additional paper was added from reviewing relevant articles. 17 articles were included in this study