Table 3.
Descriptive Information and Population (N = 42)
| Population | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Year | Country | Research Design | MMAT Score | Professions | Participant Size (n) | Level |
| Quantitative studies | |||||||
| Brashers et al47 | 2020 | USA | Survey | 5/5 | Non-specific: various health professionals | 113 | Clinicians and Faculty |
| Brewer et al48 | 2018 | Australia | Survey | 5/5 | Nurses, PTs, SLPs, OTs, Dieticians, Social workers, Midwives, Podiatrists, Radiologists | 53 | Clinicians and Faculty |
| Budak & Özer49 | 2018 | Turkey | Survey | 5/5 | Physicians, Nurses | 261 | Clinicians |
| Case50 | 2020 | USA | Survey | 4/5 | Nurses, Radiologists, Respiratory Therapists | 104 | Undergraduate students |
| Chang et al51 | 2019 | USA | Survey | 5/5 | Dentists, Physicians (Geriatrics, Palliative, ER, Dermatology, Hematology/Oncology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology), Nurses, Pharmacists, Psychologists, Social workers, SLPs | 4 x 65 = 260 | Clinicians |
| El Bakry et al52 | 2018 | Malaysia | Pre-post survey | 5/5 | Physicians (Pediatrics and Gynecology), Nurses | 38 | Clinicians |
| Fernandez et al53 | 2016 | USA | Pre-post survey | 5/5 | Physicians (Gynecology and Obstetrics) | 37 | Clinicians |
| Ferris et al54 | 2018 | USA | Survey | 4/5 | Physicians (Palliative medicine) | 39 | Clinicians |
| Forstater et al55 | 2019 | USA | Pre-post survey | 5/5 | Physicians (GPs), OTs Nurses, Pharmacists, Radiologists | 537 | Undergraduate students |
| Fowler & Gill56 | 2015 | USA | Survey | 4/5 | Physicians (GPs) | 107 | Clinicians and Non-clinicians (eg, trainers) |
| Franco et al57 | 2018 | Brazil | Survey | 4/5 | Physicians (Family) | 74 | Clinicians |
| Goldstein et al58 | 2009 | USA | Survey | 4/5 | Physicians (GPs) | Not stated | Undergraduate students |
| Green et al59 | 2017 | USA | Survey | 5/5 | Physicians (Pediatrics and Critical care), Nurses | 518 | Clinicians and Fellows |
| Hartiti et al60 | 2020 | Malaysia | Pre-post survey | 5/5 | Nurses | 94 | Clinicians and Graduate students |
| Hendricks et al61 | 2010 | Australia | Pre-post survey | 5/5 | Nurses | 10 | Undergraduate students |
| Hlongwa & Rispel12 | 2021 | South Africa | Survey | 5/5 | Physicians (Plastic Surgery), Dentists, SLPs, Geneticists, Nurses, Psychologists, Social workers | 52 | Clinicians |
| Humphreys et al62 | 2018 | USA | Survey | 5/5 | Family Members, Social workers, SLPs, OTs, Nutritionists, Nurses, Physicians (Peds and Public Health) | 102 | Undergraduate students, Clinicians, and Non-clinicians (eg, self-advocates and family members) |
| Malling et al63 | 2020 | Denmark | Survey | 5/5 | Physicians (not specified) | 45 | Clinicians (new graduates) |
| Mano et al64 | 2019 | Latin America | Survey | 5/5 | Physicians (Oncology) | 217 | Clinicians |
| McGrath et al65 | 2019 | USA | Pre-post survey | 5/5 | Physicians (Family, Genetics, Pediatrics), Health Administration, Nurses, Nutritionists, OTs, Pediatric Dentists, PTs, Psychologists, Public health practitioners, Social workers, Special education teachers, SLPs | Pre-training: 93, Post-training: 103 | LEND-fellows: Graduate, Doctoral, and Post-doctoral students |
| Paterson et al66 | 2015 | Australia | Survey | 4/5 | Nurses | 124 | Junior clinicians |
| Rose et al67 | 2003 | USA | Survey | 5/5 | Physicians, Nurses, OTs, PTs, Social workers | 22 | Undergraduate students |
| Rosenman et al68 | 2019 | USA | Survey | 5/5 | Physicians (Trauma, ER and Surgery) | 36 | Undergraduate students |
| Rotenstein et al69 | 2019 | USA | Survey | 5/5 | Physicians, Dentists, Nurses, Public Health Practitioners, and Business | 33 | Undergraduate students |
| Scott & Swartz70 | 2015 | USA | Survey | 5/5 | Physicians, Nurses | 18 | Undergraduate students |
| True et al71 | 2020 | USA | Survey | 5/5 | Physicians (Internal medicine) | 26 | Residents |
| Qualitative studies | |||||||
| Curry et al72 | 2020 | UK | Interviews | 5/5 | Multidisciplinary health and social care team members | 26 | Clinicians and Non-clinicians |
| Embree et al73 | 2018 | USA | Case study | 4/5 | Nurses | 25 | Clinicians |
| Hendricks &Toth-Cohen74 | 2018 | South Africa | Interviews | 5/5 | OTs | 12 | Undergraduate students |
| Hoying et al75 | 2017 | USA | Case study | 3/5 | Interprofessional teams involved in emergency events | 43 | Clinicians |
| Hu & Broome76 | 2020 | China | Interviews | 4/5 | Physicians (not specified), Nurses Administrators | 15 | Clinicians, Faculty, Undergraduate students |
| Jaffe et al77 | 2016 | USA | Interviews | 5/5 | Physicians (Surgery) | 24 | Clinicians |
| Keshmiri & Moradi78 | 2020 | Iran | Interviews | 4/5 | Physicians (ER), Nurses | 15 | Clinicians |
| Koya et al79 | 2017 | India | Interviews | 5/5 | Physicians (Chief Physicians), Nurses | 14 | Clinicians |
| Kozakowski et al80 | 2015 | USA | Case study and interviews | 5/5 | Physicians (Family) | 14 | Clinicians |
| Lakshminarayana et al81 | 2015 | UK | Interviews | 5/5 | Physicians (Not specified), Nurses | 81 | Novel clinicians and trainees |
| Leenstra et al82 | 2016 | The Netherlands | Interviews | 5/5 | Physicians (ER, Trauma, Anesthesiology), Nurses (ER) | 28 | Clinicians |
| Södersved Källestedt et al83 | 2020 | Sweden | Interviews | 5/5 | Nurses | 9 | Clinicians |
| Way & Dixon84 | 2019 | UK | Case study | 5/5 | Midwives, Nurses (Mental Health), PTs, OTs | 420 | Undergraduate students |
| Mixed-methods studies | |||||||
| Debono et al85 | 2016 | Australia | Interviews and scales | 5/5 | Nurses, Midwives | 60 | Clinicians |
| Moore et al86 | 2016 | USA | Survey and focus groups | 5/5 | Physicians (Internal medicine) | 125 | Undergraduate students |
| Robins et al87 | 2016 | USA | Longitudinal case study with survey | 4/5 | Nurses, Physicians, Pharmacists, Public Health Practitioners | 8 | Fellows |
Abbreviations: ER, Emergency Room; GPs, General practitioners; LEND, Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities; MMAT, Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (Hong et al, 2018); OTs, Occupational therapists; PTs, Physical therapists; SLPs, Speech language pathologists; USA, United States of America.