Table 1. Drug delivery through oral route by NLC .

Drug	Purpose	Solid lipid	Liquid lipid	Surfactants	Formulation method	Outcome	Ref.
Nisoldipine	Increase oral bioavailability of the hypertensive agent	Trimyristin	Oleic acid	Egg lecithin E 80 and poloxamer 188	Hot homogenization technique followed by ultrasonication	Drug loaded in NLC showed a prolonged drug release rate. Oral bioavailability increased by 2.46 and 1.09-fold in respect to suspension and SLN in rats.	44
Sulforaphane	Increase oral efficacy of anticancer agent	Precirol ATO 5	Vitamin E	Poloxamer 188 and tween 80	Melt emulsification method followed by ultrasonication	Optimized NLC show higher ex vivo drug permeability, improved cytotoxicity. Drug release is increased by more than 2-fold. 5-fold increase in relative bioavailability in comparison to suspension during in vivo studies in albino Wistar rats.	45
Insulin	Evaluate the impact of surfactant on peptide protection in gastric environment	Stearic acid	Peceol and oleic acid	Kolliphor RH 40, Brij L23, tegosoft PC41, and tegosolve 90 MB	Solvent diffusion method	PEG ether (Brij l23) shows the highest and PEG ester (tegosoft PC41 and tegosolve 90 MB) shows the lowest protection from GI proteases.	46
Rifabutin	Oral delivery of antimycobacterial drug in Crohn’s disease	Precirol ATO 5	Oleic acid	Tween 80 and epikuron 145	Hot high shear homogenization technique	In vitro, cellular studies show efficient macrophage uptake, increased permeation, and selective release in macrophages. NLC helped in achieving therapeutic concentration at a fast rate.	26
Quetiapine Fumarate	Increase bioavailability of antipsychotic a and reduce hepatic metabolism by lymphatic drug targeting	Precirol ATO 5	Oleic acid	Poloxamer 188 and phospholipon 90 G	Hot emulsification and ultrasonication technique	Pharmacokinetic study on rats shows an approximately 4-fold increase in AUC in rats than suspension. The experiment also shows lymphatic uptake of quetiapine fumarate in rats.	47
Lopinavir	Deliver antiretroviral drug orally	Compritol 888 ATO	Oleic acid	Poloxamer 188 and Tween 80	Hot high shear homogenization technique	Optimized NLC formulation shows higher cellular uptake in caco-2 cell line and 7-fold increase bioavailability in rats than drug suspension.	27
Cedrol	Increase bioavailability of antileishmanial drug	Compritol 888 ATO	Triolein	Pluronic F68 and soya lecithin	Hot melt emulsification ultrasonication method	In vivo studies show 2-fold increase in selectivity index (CC50/IC50) in both wild and drug-resistant leishmania and 2 to 3 fold and 3 to 5 fold increase of bioavailability in wild and drug-resistant leishmania respectively.	48
Adefovir dipivoxil	Oral delivery of antiviral drug for hepatitis B	Precirol ATO 5	Capmul MCM	Cremophor RH40 and pluronic F68	Solvent emulsification diffusion technique	In vivo, studies in Swiss albino mice demonstrate high uptake of the drug by liver cells, which will make NLC an appropriate liver targeting carrier.	49
Amphotericin B	Preparation of enteric-coated NLC for stability of antiviral drug in gastric pH	Glyceryl monostearate	Castor oil and labrasol	Tween 80, cremophor RH40 and PEG400	Hot high-pressure homogenization	Eudragit L100-55 coated nanoparticle shows a more than 4-fold increase in solubility than the free drug. Uncoated particle shows high drug solubility but is susceptible to acid degradation.	22
Fluconazole	Local delivery of antifungal drug for oral Candiasis by mucoadhesion	Stearic acid	Oleic acid	Pluronic F127 and lecithin	Emulsification and sonication technique	Optimized NLC were coated with chitosan results in sustained release of drug with prolonged antifungal effect due to mucoadhesion of NLC particles.	50
Berberine	Selenium coated NLC of antidiabetic phytomedicine for type 2 diabetes	Precirol ATO 5	Oleic acid	Tween 80	Hot melt dispersion and homogenization technique	Coating resulted in a 6.63-fold enhancement of oral bioavailability in rats than a solution with sustained release of the drug.	51