Table 2. Drug delivery through transdermal route by NLC .

Drug	Purpose	Solid lipid	Liquid lipid	Surfactant	Formulation method	Outcome	Ref.
Tacrolimus	Immuno-suppressive agent transdermal delivery for atopic dermatitis	Glyceryl palmitostearate	Propylene glycol monocaprylate	Lecithin and Polysorbate 80	Hot high-pressure homogenization technique	NLC shows deeper penetration than nanoemulsion, with double the amount of drug in porcine ear hair follicle than nanoemulsion and approximately 4-fold increase from marketed preparation.	57
Recombinant human thrombomodulin	Angiogenesis factor loaded NLC for diabetic wound healing	Precirol ATO 5	Miglyol 812	Poloxamer 188	Hot homogenization technique	Sustained drug release is seen in comparison to solution. Better chronic wound healing and reduce systemic concentration results in less carcinogenic effect due to human growth factor.	58
Celastrol and Indomethacin	Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and reduced systemic side effects	Precirol ATO 5	Labrasol ALF	Cremophor RH 40	Hot homogenization technique	NLC showed sustained drug release due to deep penetration by trans follicular pathway and small size. Cytokine’s expression and inflammatory response is also reduced in NLC based gel	59
Capsaicin	Local delivery for chronic pain management	Glyceryl monostearate	Cetyl alcohol	Isopropyl myristate	High shear homogenization followed by high pressure homogenization	Chilli extract loaded NLC gel shows more sustained drug release with less irritation suitable for chronic pain management	60
Pranoprofen	Topical delivery of NSAID for analgesic effect	Precirol ATO 5	Labrasol and Castor oil	Tween 80	Hot high-pressure homogenization technique	Various permeation enhancers are evaluated for skin penetration and retention. NLC with linoleic acid show better retention and sustain drug release than simple NLC	61
Cinnamon oil	For treatment of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn wound infection	Precirol ATO 5	Labrafac lipophile WL 1349	Tween 80	High speed homogenization technique followed by sonication	Cinnamon oil loaded NLC show promising result in accelerated wound healing with antimicrobial property in rats in comparison to untreated mouse	62
Lidocaine and prilocaine	Topical anaesthesia and analgesia	Compritol 888 ATO, Precirol ATO 5 and glyceryl monostearate	--	Soya lecithin and Dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide	Solvent diffusion method	A dual drug is more effective than a single drug. Due to smaller particle size SLN show, high skin ex vivo penetration but NLC shows a better in vivo analgesic effect due to rapid drug release than SLN.	63
5-Fluorouracil	For the treatment of skin cancers and actinic keratosis	Precirol ATO 5	Labrasol	Poloxamer 188 and Solutol HS15	Hot homogenization technique	NLC loaded gel show high skin retention than non-NLC loaded gel. NLC shows initial burst release followed by sustained drug release.	64
Methotrexate	Treatment of psoriasis using NLC loaded gel	Compritol 888	Capmul MCM	--	High Speed homogenization technique	NLC gel shows the approximately 2-fold drug deposition in human cadaver skin than plain drug gel. Psoriatic area and inflammatory cytokines are reduced more rapidly than plain gel in imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice.	65
Transcriptional transactivator peptide modified lidocaine	Transdermal delivery of drug for local anaesthesia	Soybean phospholipids	Labrafac PG	Cremophor ELP and tween 80	Solvent Evaporation Technique	Transdermal flux was higher than the plain drug and NLC. In vivo studies show anaesthesia enhanced transdermal delivery of drug by reducing the pain threshold in mice.	66