Table 2.
Total dietary energy intake and nutrient density according to Mediterranean diet adherence.
| Mediterranean diet adherence | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (<6 points) | Medium (6–11 points) | High (≥12 points) | Value of pa | Adjusted value of p (low vs high)b | p for trendc | ||
| N (%) | 1,356 (100) | 262 (19.3) | 972 (71.7) | 122 (9.0) | |||
| Total energy (kcal/day) | 2,480 (454) | 2,351 (512) | 2,491 (439) | 2,664 (356) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrates (g/1000 kcal) | 89.8 (14.1) | 94.6 (15.9) | 89.2 (13.5) | 84.8 (12.4) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Protein (g/1000 kcal) | 41.6 (6.7) | 40.1 (6.9) | 41.8 (6.8) | 43.2 (5.6) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Total Fat (g/1000 kcal) | 54.7 (7.4) | 53.2 (8.0) | 54.9 (7.2) | 56.2 (7.3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.069 |
| Total fibre (g/1000 kcal) | 13.9 (3.4) | 11.6 (2.8) | 14.2 (3.3) | 16.3 (3.2) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin A (mg/1000 kcal) | 572.9 (302.0) | 554.4 (398.5) | 575.3 (283.6) | 595.4 (178.5) | 0.402 | 0.058 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg/1000 kcal) | 0.75 (0.13) | 0.74 (0.18) | 0.75 (0.12) | 0.77 (0.10) | 0.025 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B9 (mg/1000 kcal) | 204.7 (49.7) | 176.0 (45.9) | 208.9 (47.9) | 232.1 (44.7) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B12 (mg/1000 kcal) | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.70 (1.71) | 2.81 (1.32) | 2.99 (1.02) | 0.158 | 0.001 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal) | 110.1 (44.0) | 93.0 (40.5) | 113.1 (44.2) | 123.1 (40.2) | <0.0001 | 0.004 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin D (mg/1000 kcal) | 1.96 (0.81) | 1.62 (0.73) | 2.01 (0.80) | 2.33 (0.80) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin E (mg/1000 kcal) | 7.99 (2.11) | 7.63 (2.91) | 7.97 (1.88) | 8.85 (1.57) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Calcium (mg/1000 kcal) | 411.6 (110.2) | 361.6 (96.0) | 419.2 (110.1) | 458.0 (104.0) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Magnesium (mg/1000 kcal) | 184.6 (32.4) | 160.4 (28.3) | 187.3 (29.8) | 214.6 (25.0) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Iron (mg/1000 kcal) | 6.69 (1.00) | 6.20 (0.96) | 6.75 (0.96) | 7.27 (0.93) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Zinc (mg/1000 kcal) | 5.00 (0.75) | 4.74 (0.78) | 5.04 (0.74) | 5.26 (0.59) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Phosphorous (mg/1000 kcal) | 699.8 (109.3) | 644.3 (103.5) | 706.3 (106.1) | 766.5 (93.4) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Potassium (mg/1000 kcal) | 1852.9 (294.5) | 1688.4 (283.6) | 1877.5 (284.0) | 2010.0 (248.8) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Sodium (mg/1000 kcal) | 1405.1 (343.9) | 1486.5 (423.5) | 1397.6 (321.9) | 1289.8 (279.0) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| MUFAs (g/1000 kcal) | 25.6 (4.4) | 23.7 (5.0) | 26.0 (4.1) | 27.1 (3.9) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| PUFAs (g/1000 kcal) | 9.1 (2.5) | 9.3 (3.3) | 9.0 (2.3) | 9.5 (1.9) | 0.030 | <0.0001 | 0.002 |
| SFAs (g/1000 kcal) | 14.0 (2.4) | 14.4 (2.4) | 14.0 (2.4) | 13.5 (2.2) | 0.002 | 0.050 | <0.0001 |
| EPA (g/1000 kcal) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.09 (0.04) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| DHA (g/1000 kcal) | 0.12 (0.10) | 0.08 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.10) | 0.19 (0.11) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| a-linolenic acid (g/1000 kcal) | 0.55 (0.20) | 0.47 (0.16) | 0.56 (0.21) | 0.66 (0.20) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| a-linoleic acid (g/1000 kcal) | 6.01 (2.26) | 6.51 (3.17) | 5.86 (2.01) | 6.11 (1.52) | <0.0001 | 0.827 | 0.270 |
| Oleic acid (g/1000 kcal) | 22.4 (4.3) | 20.8 (4.9) | 22.7 (4.1) | 23.6 (3.6) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Trans fat (g/1000 kcal) | 0.68 (0.45) | 0.89 (0.51) | 0.65 (0.42) | 0.50 (0.32) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Values are expressed as means (SD). MUFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFAs, saturated fatty acids; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid.
a
Value of p refers to the comparison between different MedDiet adherence categories. Value of p refers to the comparison between groups (MedDiet categories).
b
Adjusted value of p were obtained by multivariate linear regression models adjusted for total energy intake, age, ethnicity, smoking status, educational level, and pre-conceptional BMI.
c
To assess the linear trend (p for trend) across MedDiet adherence categories, the mean value was assigned to each tertile.