Table 1.

Main findings of reported literature.

Authors	Journal	Year of publication	Study type	Main findings
Zhou F et al. (1)	Lancet	2020	Retrospective study	Potential risk factors such as older age and markers of disease severity such as high SOFA score, and elevated d-dimer could identify poor prognosis at an early stage.
Zhu N et al. (2)	N Engl J Med	2019	Descriptive study	Isolation of the virus and designated it as a novel beta coronavirus belonging to the sarbecovirus subgenus of the Coronaviridae family. Further, described its specific cytopathic effects and morphology.
Wiersinga WJ et al. (34)	JAMA	2020	Systemic review	Described detailed aspects of transmission, infection, and treatment.
Spinner CD et al. (83)	JAMA	2020	Randomized Clinical Trial	Investigated the effects of Remdesivir on clinical status at 11 days in moderate COVID-19 patients. Compared with standard care, patients in a 5-day course of remdesivir administration had a statistically significant difference in clinical status, while patients treated in a 10-day regimen of remdesivir did not have a statistically significant difference.
Beigel JH et al. (84)	N Engl J Med	2020	Randomized Clinical Trial	Remdesivir was superior in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with COVID-19.
Wang Y et al. (85)	Lancet	2020	Randomized Clinical Trial	Remdesivir was not associated with statistically significant clinical benefits in adult patients admitted to hospital for severe COVID-19.
Jayk Bernal A et al. (86)	New Eng J Med	2021	Randomized Clinical Trial	Early treatment with molnupiravir reduced the risk of hospitalization or death in at-risk, unvaccinated adults with COVID-19.
Hammond J et al. (87)	N Engl J Med	2022	Randomized Clinical Trial	Treatment of symptomatic COVID-19 with nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir resulted in an 89% reduction in the risk of progression to severe COVID-19 than that with a placebo. No major safety concern was reported.
Dougan M et al. (88)	N Engl J Med	2021	Randomized Clinical Trial	In high-risk outpatients, bamlanivimab plus etesevimab resulted in a lower incidence of COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths than placebo and accelerated the decline in SARS-CoV-2 viral load.
Weinreich DM et al. (89)	N Engl J Med	2021	Randomized Clinical Trial	The REGN-COV2 antibody cocktail reduced viral loads, with greater effect in patients whose immune response had not yet started or who had high viral loads at baseline. Safety results were similar in the REGN-COV2 combined dose groups and the placebo group.
Chen P et al. (90)	N Engl J Med	2021	Randomized Clinical Trial	Evaluated the quantitative virologic end points and clinical outcomes in patients receiving a single intravenous infusion of neutralizing antibody LY-CoV555 in one of three doses (700 mg, 2800 mg, or 7000 mg) or placebo. This interim analysis of a phase 2 trial showed that one of three doses (2800 mg) of neutralizing antibody LY-CoV555 appeared to accelerate the natural decline in viral load by day 11.
Cohen MS et al. (91)	JAMA	2021	Randomized Clinical Trial	Among residents and staff in skilled nursing and assisted living facilities, treatment during August-November 2020 with bamlanivimab monotherapy reduced the incidence of COVID-19 infection (8.5% vs 15.2%; odds ratio, 0.43 (95% CI, 0.28-0.68); P < .001; absolute risk difference, -6.6 (95% CI, -10.7 to -2.6) percentage points).
Guimaraes PO, et al. (92)	New Eng J Med	2021	Randomized Clinical Trial	Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia, tofacitinib led to a lower risk of death or respiratory failure on day 28 than placebo (18.1% vs 29.0%; risk ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.41 to 0.97; P = 0.04).
Cao Y et al. (93)	J Allergy Clin Immunol	2020	Randomized Clinical Trial	Ruxolitinib recipients had a numerically faster clinical improvement at day 14 (90% from the ruxolitinib group showed computed tomography improvement compared with 61.9% in control group; P =0.0495). Significant chest computed tomography improvement, a faster recovery from lymphopenia, and favorable side-effect profile in the ruxolitinib group.
Shen C et al. (94)	JAMA	2020	Case series	In this preliminary uncontrolled case series of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 and ARDS, administration of convalescent plasma containing neutralizing antibody was followed by improvement in their clinical status with decreasing the SOFA score and increasing the Pao2/Fio2 within 12 days. The limited sample size and study design preclude a definitive statement about the potential effectiveness of this treatment, and these observations require evaluation in clinical trials.
Simonovich VA, et al. (95)	N Engl J Med	2021	Randomized Clinical Trial	No significant differences were observed in clinical status (odds ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.52 to 1.35; P = 0.46) or overall mortality (10.96% in the convalescent plasma group and 11.43% in the placebo group, 95% CI, -7.8 to 6.8) between patients treated with convalescent plasma and those who received placebo.