Figure 1.

The metabolic process of lactate. Lactate can be created intracellularly by glycolysis catalyzed by LDH, or it can be taken up from the outside via MCT1. Intracellular lactate inhibits glycolytic enzymes while promoting the tricarboxylic acid cycle, generating a negative feedback loop. Lactate can also be converted to lactoyl-CoA, which is involved in the lactylation of histone and non-histone proteins. HK-1, hemokinin-1; G6PD, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; PKM, glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M; MCT1, monocarboxylate transporters 1; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PDH, Pyruvate dehydrogenase; SDH, succinate dehydrogenase; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; TCA, Tricarboxylic acid; HDAC, histone deacetylase; Kla, lactylation.