Table 3.
Multivariate Correlates of Resilience Among of WHI Participants Aged 80 and Older by Race and Ethnicity
| Variable | White (n = 26,843), β (95% CI) | Black (n = 1,091), β (95% CI) | Asian (n = 511), β (95% CI) | Hispanic (n = 586), β (95% CI) | Whole samplea, β (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | −0.004 (−0.006, −0.001)** | 0.000 (−0.015, 0.015) | −0.008 (−0.028, 0.011) | −0.005 (−0.026, 0.016) | −0.004 (−0.006, −0.001)** |
| Education | |||||
| < High school | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| High school graduate | 0.035 (−0.019, 0.090) | 0.173 (−0.040, 0.385) | 0.201 (−0.192, 0.594) | 0.009 (−0.238, 0.256) | 0.047 (−0.004, 0.098) |
| Some college/associate’s degree | 0.079 (0.026, 0.131)** | 0.130 (−0.062, 0.323) | 0.153 (−0.225, 0.532) | 0.112 (−0.238, 0.341) | 0.090 (0.041, 0.138)*** |
| 4-year college | 0.061 (0.004, 0.118)* | −0.042 (−0.277, 0.193) | 0.204 (−0.196, 0.604) | 0.146 (−0.149, 0.441) | 0.069 (0.016, 0.122)* |
| >4-year college degree | 0.099 (0.045, 0.153)*** | 0.182 (−0.012, 0.377) | 0.258 (−0.127, 0.642) | 0.212 (−0.036, 0.461) | 0.112 (0.063, 0.162)*** |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/living as married | −0.036 (−0.082, 0.011) | 0.129 (−0.143, 0.402) | −0.027 (−0.419, 0.364) | 0.042 (−0.295, 0.378) | −0.028 (−0.073, 0.017) |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | −0.003 (−0.050, 0.044) | 0.164 (−0.100, 0.429) | 0.006 (−0.385, 0.397) | 0.059 (−0.276, 0.394) | 0.005 (−0.040, 0.050) |
| Single/never married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Neighborhood socioeconomic status | |||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Moderate | −0.026 (−0.048, −0.005)* | −0.038 (−0.154, 0.078) | −0.041 (−0.212, 0.130) | −0.039 (−0.181, 0.103) | −0.023 (−0.044, −0.003)* |
| High | −0.011 (−0.037, 0.015) | 0.088 (−0.099, 0.402) | 0.051 (−0.128, 0.231) | −0.143 (−0.334, 0.047) | −0.009 (−0.034, 0.016) |
| Living alone | 0.035 (0.016, 0.055)*** | 0.054 (−0.052, 0.161) | 0.063 (−0.081, 0.207) | −0.034 (−0.188, 0.119) | 0.05 (0.016, 0.053)*** |
| Social support | 0.012 (0.011, 0.013)*** | 0.012 (0.005, 0.019)*** | 0.012 (0.003, 0.020)** | 0.006 (−0.002, 0.014) | 0.012 (0.011, 0.013)*** |
| Self-rated health | |||||
| Excellent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Very good | −0.110 (−0.436, −0.238)*** | 0.128 (−0.165, 0.421) | −0.110 (−0.410, 0.190) | −0.166 (−0.469, 0.136) | −0.112 (−0.145, −0.079)*** |
| Good | 0.145 (−0.310, −0.215)*** | −0.041 (−0.333, 0.251) | −0.161 (−0.467, 0.145) | −0.304 (−0.612, 0.003) | −0.218 (−0.253, −0.183)*** |
| Fair | 0.261 (−0.310, −0.215)*** | −0.075 (−0.402, 0.252) | −0.101 (−0.462, 0.261) | −0.420 (−0.791, −0.049)* | −0.267 (−0.313, −0.220)*** |
| Poor | 0.782 (−0.436, −0.238)*** | −0.188 (−0.721, 0.345) | 0.001 (−0.780, 0.782) | −0.576 (−1.200, 0.049) | −0.338 (−0.433, −0.244)*** |
| Comorbidity | −0.005 (−0.025, 0.014) | −0.035 (−0.140, 0.070) | −0.024 (−0.081, 0.207) | −0.086 (−0.240, 0.068) | −0.009 (−0.027, 0.010) |
| Symptoms | −0.340 (−0.373, −0.306)*** | −0.161 (−0.332, 0.009) | −0.381 (−0.630, −0.131)** | −0.206 (−0.445, 0.033) | −0.328 (−0.360, −0.297)*** |
| Physical functioning | 0.000 (0.000, 0.001) | 0.000 (−0.002, 0.003) | −0.001 (−0.004, 0.002) | 0.000 (−0.003, 0.003) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.001) |
| Assistance with activities | −0.003 (−0.010, 0.004) | 0.008 (−0.041, 0.058) | −0.011 (−0.077, 0.055) | 0.017 (−0.040, 0.074) | −0.003 (−0.010, 0.004) |
| BMI | 0.008 (0.006, 0.010)*** | 0.004 (−0.005, 0.013) | 0.010 (−0.007, 0.028) | 0.011 (−0.003, 0.025) | 0.008 (0.006, 0.009)*** |
| Depression | −0.670 (−0.768, −0.573)*** | −0.623 (−1.202, −0.043)* | −0.503 (−1.253, 0.246) | −0.572 (−1.058, −0.086)* | −0.672 (−0.765, −0.579)*** |
| Perceived stress | −0.090 (−0.093, −0.087)*** | −0.111 (−0.128, −0.094)*** | −0.100 (−0.124, −0.075)*** | −0.095 (−0.118, −0.071)*** | −0.092 (−0.095, −0.089)*** |
| Major life stressors | −0.005 (−0.012, 0.003) | −0.036 (−0.077, 0.004) | 0.016 (−0.049, 0.081) | −0.023 (−0.075, 0.029) | −0.005 (−0.012, 0.002) |
| Religion gives strength and comfort | |||||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| A little | −0.130 (−0.185, −0.075)*** | −0.503 (−1.046, 0.040) | −0.114 (−0.469, 0.241) | 0.104 (−0.446, 0.654) | −0.132 (−0.186, −0.079)*** |
| A great deal | −0.056 (−0.113, 0.001) | −0.233 (−0.731, 0.264) | −0.335 (−0.734, 0.065) | 0.058 (−0.488, 0.604) | −0.060 (−0.115, −0.005)* |
| Current smoker | 1.551 (0.042, 0.191)** | −0.115 (−0.449, 0.219) | 0.547 (−0.458, 1.551) | 0.259 (−0.223, 0.742) | 0.109 (0.037, 0.180)*** |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Less than 1 per week | 0.002 (−0.019, 0.023) | 0.004 (−0.104, 0.112) | −0.055 (−0.218, 0.108) | −0.077 (−0.230, 0.076) | 0.000 (−0.021, 0.020) |
| 1 or 2 times per week | −0.020 (−0.050, 0.010) | 0.020 (−0.179, 0.219) | −0.129 (−0.435, 0.177) | 0.045 (−0.207, 0.297) | −0.019 (−0.048, 0.009) |
| 3 or 4 times per week | −0.026 (−0.063, 0.011) | −0.125 (−0.395, 0.145) | 0.030 (−0.373, 0.432) | 0.028 (−0.260, 0.315) | −0.027 (−0.063, 0.009) |
| 5 or 6 times per week | −0.041 (−0.077, −0.005)* | −0.393 (−0.815, 0.029) | −0.188 (−0.614, 0.239) | 0.025 (−0.314, 0.364) | −0.046 (−0.082, −0.010)* |
| Every day | −0.023 (−0.055, 0.008) | −0.056 (−0.447, 0.335) | 0.441 (−0.033, 0.915) | 0.058 (−0.290, 0.406) | −0.023 (−0.054, 0.009) |
| HEI-2015 total score | 0.001 (0.000, 0.002) | 0.000 (−0.007, 0.006) | 0.002 (−0.005, 0.009) | −0.005 (−0.013, 0.002) | 0.000 (−0.001, 0.002) |
Notes: BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; HEI-2015 = Healthy eating index 2015; Ref. = reference; SD = standard deviation; WHI = Women’s Health Initiative.
aOverall includes women with reported races other than White, Black, Asian, or Hispanic (American Indian/Alaska Native, n = 31; Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, n = 9; Other race category as reported by participants, n = 296).
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.