Table 4.
Multivariate Correlates of Resilience Among of WHI Participants Aged 80 and Older by Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status
| Variable | Low neighborhood SES, n = 7,327, β (95% CI) | Moderate neighbourhood SES, n = 14,681, β (95% CI) | High neighbourhood SES, n = 7,359, β (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | −0.002 (−0.007, 0.003) | −0.004 (−0.008, −0.001)* | −0.005 (−0.010, 0.000) |
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Black | 0.008 (−0.048, 0.065) | 0.017 (−0.072, 0.105) | 0.082 (−0.067, 0.232) |
| Asian | −0.032 (−0.175, 0.110) | −0.073 (−0.166, 0.020) | −0.003 (−0.109, 0.103) |
| Hispanic | 0.053 (−0.044, 0.150) | 0.037 (−0.049, 0.123) | −0.096 (−0.234, 0.042) |
| Education | |||
| <High school | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| High school graduate | 0.051 (−0.028, 0.130) | 0.048 (−0.024, 0.120) | 0.089 (−0.100, 0.278) |
| Some college/associate’s degree | 0.064 (−0.011, 0.139) | 0.100 (0.030, 0.169)** | 0.157 (−0.026, 0.339) |
| 4-year college | 0.065 (−0.024, 0.155) | 0.084 (0.009, 0.159)* | 0.114 (−0.070, 0.298) |
| >4-year college degree | 0.107 (0.027, 0.186)** | 0.102 (0.031, 0.173)** | 0.191 (0.010, 0.373)* |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/living as married | −0.003 (−0.086, 0.081) | −0.060 (−0.124, 0.004) | 0.011 (−0.088, 0.111) |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 0.022 (−0.062, 0.106) | −0.027 (−0.091, 0.038) | 0.054 (−0.047, 0.155) |
| Single/never married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Living alone | 0.018 (−0.021, 0.056) | −0.003 (0.016, 0.074) | −0.009 (−0.002, 0.070) |
| Social support | 0.011 (0.009, 0.013)*** | 0.011 (0.010, 0.013)*** | 0.013 (0.010, 0.015)*** |
| Self-rated health | |||
| Excellent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Very good | −0.120 (−0.195, −0.045)** | −0.097 (−0.144, −0.051)*** | −0.128 (−0.188, −0.069)*** |
| Good | −0.226 (−0.306, −0.146)*** | −0.215 (−0.264, −0.165)*** | −0.214 (−0.278, −0.150)*** |
| Fair | −0.290 (−0.384, −0.196)*** | −0.263 (−0.329, −0.197)*** | −0.238 (−0.327, −0.149)*** |
| Poor | −0.376 (−0.565, −0.186)*** | −0.388 (−0.526, −0.250)*** | −0.164 (−0.39, 0.041) |
| Comorbidity | −0.018 (−0.056, 0.020) | −0.003 (−0.029, 0.023) | −0.009 (−0.046, 0.027) |
| Symptom composite score | −0.270 (−0.332, −0.208)*** | −0.357 (−0.401, −0.314)*** | −0.330 (−0.410, −0.249)*** |
| Physical functioning | 0.000 (0.000, 0.001) | 0.000 (−0.001, 0.000) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.001) |
| Assistance with activities | 0.000 (−0.016, 0.016) | −0.008 (−0.018, 0.002) | 0.004 (−0.010, 0.019) |
| BMI | 0.008 (0.004, 0.011)*** | 0.007 (0.005, 0.010)*** | 0.008 (0.005, 0.012)*** |
| Depression | −0.610 (−0.784, −0.436)*** | −0.696 (−0.830, −0.562)*** | −0.700 (−0.896, −0.504)*** |
| Perceived stress | −0.096 (−0.102, −0.090)*** | −0.089 (−0.093, −0.085)*** | −0.093 (−0.099, −0.087)*** |
| Major life stressors | −0.012 (−0.026, 0.003) | −0.006 (−0.017, 0.005) | 0.006 (−0.010, 0.021) |
| Religion gives strength and comfort | |||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| A little | −0.106 (−0.233, 0.020) | −0.104 (−0.182, −0.025)** | −0.183 (−0.274, −0.093)*** |
| A great deal | −0.012 (−0.140, 0.115) | −0.032 (−0.112, 0.049) | −0.183 (−0.195, 0.008) |
| Current smoker | 0.016 (−0.122, 0.153) | 0.172 (0.073, 0.272)*** | 0.080 (−0.078, 0.239) |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Less than 1 per week | 0.004 (−0.035, 0.043) | −0.001 (−0.030, 0.027) | −0.006 (−0.050, 0.038) |
| 1 or 2 times per week | 0.039 (−0.022, 0.100) | −0.024 (−0.065, 0.016) | −0.056 (−0.113, 0.002) |
| 3 or 4 times per week | −0.046 (−0.128, 0.036) | −0.041 (−0.090, 0.008) | 0.008 (−0.058, 0.073) |
| 5 or 6 times per week | −0.077 (−0.162, 0.009) | −0.059 (−0.111, −0.007)* | −0.020 (−0.083, 0.044) |
| Every day | 0.010 (−0.035, 0.043) | −0.012 (−0.058, 0.034) | −0.056 (−0.050, 0.038) |
| HEI-2015 total score | −0.001 (−0.003, 0.001) | 0.000 (−0.001, 0.002) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.003) |
Notes: BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; HEI-2015 = Healthy eating index 2015; Ref. Reference; SES = socioeconomic status; WHI = Women’s Health Initiative.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.