Table 1.
Genes and their function in governing the tolerance against drought and salinity environments.
| Trait | Gene | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Drought and salinity | Trehalose synthase (TSase) | Trehalose accumulation | (Zhang et al., 2006) |
| Drought | Ethylene responsive factor (SodERF3) | — | (Trujillo et al., 2009) |
| Drought | Drought responsive factor (Scdr 1) | Signaling cascade | (Begcy et al., 2012) |
| Drought | Lipoxygenase (ScLoX) | — | (Andrade et al., 2014) |
| Drought and salinity |
Arabidopsis vacuolar pyrophosphatase (AVP 1) |
Increasing vacuolar solute content | (Kumar et al., 2014) |
| Drought and salinity | Erianthus arundinaceus DREB2 (EaDREB2) | Maintenance of relative water content and photosynthetic rate | (Augustine et al., 2015) |
| Drought | Sugarcane MYB (EaMYB18) | Reduced oxidative damage | (Raza et al., 2016; Saravanan et al., 2018) |
| Drought |
Arabidopsis vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase (H + PPase) |
— | (Raza et al., 2016) |
| Drought and salinity | BcZAT12 | — | (Saravanan et al., 2018) |
| Drought | bet A | Glycine betaine production | (Aloni et al., 2003; dos Santos and de Almeida Silva, 2015) |
| Drought | Superoxide dismutase (SOD) | ROS scavenging | (dos Santos and de Almeida Silva, 2015) |
| Drought | Indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (IGS) | Auxin-related gene activity | (Aloni et al., 2003) |
| Drought | Disulfide isomerase protein (DEF1) | — | (Vantini et al., 2015) |
| Drought and salinity | Late embryogenesis abundance (LEA) | Protection of macromolecules | (Sakuma et al., 2006) |
| Drought | EaHSP70 | Membrane and protein stabilization | (Augustine et al., 2015) |
| Drought | Dehydrin proteins (DHNs) | Protection of macromolecules | (Iskandar et al., 2011) |
| Drought and salinity | DEAD-Box Helicase (PDH45) | Nucleic acid duplex unwinding | (Augustine et al., 2015) |
| Drought | Sucrose non-fermenting1-related protein kinase 2 (SoSnRK2.1) | Regulation of ROS and antioxidants | (Phan et al., 2016) |
| Drought | Trehalose synthase gene (TSase) | Trehalose accumulation | (S.-Z. Zhang et al., 2006) |
| Drought | BAX inhibitor (BI-1) | Suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced plant cell death | (Ramiro et al., 2016) |
| Drought | Cell wall invertases (ShCWINV) | Sucrose homeostasis | (Wang et al., 2017) |
| Drought and salinity | Glyoxalase (Gly) | Methylglyoxal metabolism | (Manoj et al., 2019) |
| Drought | α-Expansin 1 (EXPA1) | Plant cell wall modification | (Narayan et al., 2019) |
| Drought and salinity | Sugarcane drought responsive 2 (Scdr2) | Reduced oxidative damage | (Begcy et al., 2019) |
| Drought and salinity | NAC protein (SoNAP) | Senescence-associated function | (Carrillo-Bermejo et al., 2020) |
| Drought and salinity | Mitogen-activated protein kinase (ShMAPK) | Signal transduction pathways | (Ali et al., 2021) |
| Drought | Saccharum spontaneum (SsDREB) | Osmotic and photosynthetic regulation | (Li et al., 2021) |
| Drought | Dirigent proteins (ScDIR) | Lignin biogenesis | (Li et al., 2022) |