. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 28.

Published in final edited form as: Trends Biotechnol. 2018 Apr 24;36(9):882–897. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.03.009

Table 3.

Select Summary of NP-Mediated Genetic Engineering in Plants

	NP type	Cargo	Plant species; cell/tissue type	Delivery method	Comments	Year	Refs
With external aid	Gold capped MSNs	GFP plasmid; chemical expression inducer	N. tabacum cotyledons; Z. mays embryos	Biolistic	Co-delivery and controlled release of DNA and chemicals	2007	[45]
	Poly-L-lysine coated starch NPs	GFP plasmid	Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright calli suspension	Sonoporation	5% transient expression efficiency; some integration occurs	2008	[60]
	Gold-plated MSNs	GFP and mCherry plasmids; GFP protein	Allium cepa epidermis tissue	Biolistic	DNA and protein co-delivery	2012	[59]
	Magnetic gold NPs	β-glucuronidase (GUS) plasmid	Brassica napus protoplasts and walled cell suspension	Magnetic field	Transient GUS expression	2013	[61]
	Gold-plated MSNs	AmCyan1 and DsRed2 plasmids; Cre protein	Z. mays embryos	Biolistic	DNA and protein co-delivery; both transient and stable expression	2014	[58]
	Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEM) polymer NPs	Yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and GFP plasmids	N. tabacum and Ceratodon purpureus protoplasts	PEG transfection	Both transient and stable expression	2017	[62]
	Magnetic Fe₃O₄ NPs	Selectable marker gene plasmids	Gossypium hirsutum pollen	Magnetic field	~1% efficiency for generating stable transgenic seeds	2017	[63]
In vitro without external aid	Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer NPs	GFP plasmid	Agrostis stolonifera L. calli	Passive	48.5% cells showed transient expression	2008	[65]
	Calcium phosphate NPs (CaPNPs)	GUS plasmid	Brassica juncea hypocotyl explants	Passive	80.7% stable transformation efficiency	2012	[64]
	Organically functionalized CNTs	YFP plasmid	N. tabacum protoplasts and leaf explants	Passive	Both transient and stable expression	2015	[66]
In vivo without external aid	Organically functionalized MSNs	mCherry plasmid	A. thaliana roots	Passive	46.5% transient expression efficiency	2013	[51]
	PAMAM dendrimer NPs	Double-stranded DNA for RNA interference	A. thaliana roots	Passive	Developmental gene silencing led to systemic phenotypes	2014	[67]
	Polymer functionalized CNTs	GFP plasmid; siRNA for transgenic GFP silencing	E. sativa, N. benthamiana, and T. aestivum leaves	Passive	95% transient silencing efficiency; transient expression in mature leaves		[68]