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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 28.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Sens. 2021 Jul 19;6(8):2802–2814. doi: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01159

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Nanoparticles (NPs) encounter barriers and interact with a variety of biomolecules in plant bioenvironments. (A) During uptake through roots, nanoparticles interact with microorganisms, such as bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, and natural organic matter (NOM). (B) In foliar application, NPs encounter the waxy cuticle coating leaf surfaces, and stomatal pores for gas exchange. (C) As NPs are internalized by the cell, they must cross the cell wall, with a size exclusion limit of 5–20 nm, and the cell membrane.