. 2023 Aug 9;14:1227182. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1227182

Table 2.

Differences in the overall amount of problematic Internet use and problematic specific Internet activities before and during the pandemic and earthquakes among young adults—McNemar’s chi-square test (N = 353).

		Problematic use
		No	Yes
	Internet use	n (%)	n (%)	χ²	p	OR	OR 95% CI
OGB	Before stress	7 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	–^a	–^a	–^a	–^a
OGB	During stress	6 (85.7)	1 (14.3)	–^a	–^a	–^a	–^a
OG	Before stress	59 (75.6)	19 (24.4)	0.07	0.789	1.33	[0.41–4.66]
OG	During stress	57 (73.1)	21 (26.9)	0.07	0.789	1.33	[0.41–4.66]
PV	Before stress	54 (98.2)	1 (1.8)	–^a	–^a	–^a	–^a
PV	During stress	53 (96.4)	2 (3.6)	–^a	–^a	–^a	–^a
SM	Before stress	150 (48.2)	161 (51.8)	13.14*	<0.001	2.77	[1.56–5.14]
SM	During stress	120 (38.6)	191 (61.4)	13.14*	<0.001	2.77	[1.56–5.14]
OS	Before stress	127 (96.2)	5 (5.0)	12.00*	<0.001	5.75	[1.97–22.87]
OS	During stress	120 (90.9)	12 (9.1)	12.00*	<0.001	5.75	[1.97–22.87]
IU	Before stress	254 (80.1)	63 (19.9)	35.11*	<0.001	5.15	[2.82–10.18]
IU	During stress	200 (63.1)	117 (36.9)	35.11*	<0.001	5.15	[2.82–10.18]

OGB, online gambling; OG, Online gaming; PV, Pornography viewing; SM, Social media; OS, Online shopping; IU, overall Internet use; OR, odds ratio; OR 95% CI, 95% Confidence interval for odds ratio; a – cannot be computed as sample size per cell was too small for McNemar’s chi–square test; *p < 0.001.