Table 3. Evaluation of the Carbon Footprint in Healthcare System .

Authors	Year	Country	Type of study	LCA	Type of Healthcare System	Context of the Study	Healthcare GHG Emissions or Carbon Footprint
Eckelman and Sherman46	2016	USA	Research paper	Yes	Publicly financed: Medicare, Medicaid; Private insurance	Publicly financed: Private insurance	GHG emissions 10%
Malik et al47	2018	Australia	Research paper	Yes	Public hospitals, private hospitals	Public hospitals, private hospitals, primary healthcare, dental services, community healthcare	Carbon footprint/CO2 emissions 7% of total
Eckelman et al49	2018	Canada	Research paper	Yes	Mixed system: predominatly public hospitals	Public hospitals, private hospitals, primary healthcare, pharmaceuticals	Carbon footprint/GHG emissions 4.6% of total
Wu48	2019	China	Research paper	Yes	Mixed system: predominatly public hospitals	Public hospitals, private hospitals, community healthcare, public health, pharmaceuticals	Carbon footprint/GHG emissions 2.7% of total
Pichler et al12	2019	Germany, Vienna, Berlin	Environmental research letter	N/A	Mixed system	Hospitals, ambulatory healthcare, preventive/long-term healthcare	Healthcare on average accounts for 5% of the national carbon footprint
Alshqaqeeq et al52	2020	USA	Full length article	N/A	Carbon footprint in the 12 hospital service or department categories		Detailed description in the article
Nansai et al50	2020	Japan	Full length article	N/A	Public hospitals, mandatory health insurance coverage	Medical services, nursing services, health and hygiene, pharmaceuticals	Carbon footprint/GHG emissions 4.6% of total
Weisz et al51	2020	Austria	Full length article	N/A	Public funded universal healthcare, Private insurance	Hospitals, ambulatory healthcare, preventive/long-term healthcare, pharmaceuticals	National carbon footprint 7%

Abbreviations: LCA, life cycle assessment; GHG, greenhouse gas; N/A, not available.