FIGURE 2.

Gut-microbially produced deoxycholic acid and lipoteichoic acid are translocated to the liver and provoke cellular senescence of HSCs and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent HSCs produce SASP factors, such as PGE₂, IL-33, and IL-1β. PGE₂ directly suppresses CD8T cells, and IL-33 activates ST2-positive Treg cells to suppress ant-tumor immunity. Abbreviations: COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; DCA, deoxycholic acid; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; PGE₂, prostaglandin E₂; SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype; TLR2, Toll-like receptors2.