Table 1.
Most common manifestations of both acute and persistent COVID-19 in humans
| Organ or system | Lesions and symptoms |
|---|---|
| Respiratory |
• Dyspnea • Decreased exercise capacity • Chronic cough • Exacerbation of asthma |
| Cardiovascular |
• Palpitation • Chest pain and tightness • Arrhythmias • Postural orthostatic tachycardia • Orthostatic hypotension • Vasovagal syncope • Myocarditis and/or pericarditis • Myocardial ischemia • Ventricular dysfunction • Venous thromboembolic events |
| Cerebrovascular | • Ischemic stroke |
| Renal |
• Impaired renal function • Severe acute kidney injury • Microhematuria |
| Endocrine |
• New onset or worsening of existing diabetes mellitus • Glycemic abnormalities • Diabetic ketoacidosis • Hormonal abnormalities • Subacute thyroiditis • Autoimmune thyroiditis • Bone demineralization • Lipid abnormalities • Hot and cold sensation |
| Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary |
• Abdominal pain • Nausea • Loss of appetite • Altered bowel motility • Irritable bowel syndrome • Dysphagia • Hepatitis |
| Dermatological |
• Hair loss • Skin rash • Nail alterations • Papulo-squamous eruptions (pernio- or chilblain-like) |
| Musculoskeletal |
• Myalgia • Arthralgia • Asthenia |
| Neuropsychiatric |
• Migraine-like headache • Olfactory and gustatory impairments • Difficulties with concentration and short-term memory • Dizziness • Imbalance • Encephalitis • Myelopathy • Neuropathy • Depressive symptoms • Anxiety • Insomnia and sleep disorders • Mood disorders • Post-traumatic stress disorder |
| Miscellaneous |
• Fever • Hearing loss • Tinnitus • Red eyes • Sore throat • Light and sound sensitivity • Blurry vision • Excessive bruising |
| Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) |
• Fever • Abdominal pain • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Skin rash • Mucocutaneous lesions • Hypotension • Cardiovascular and neurological symptoms |