Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Aug 28;14:5247. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40937-z

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 4 — a Representative IMC images of HLA-DR, CD68, GFAP, 4G8 and TSPO. b Using IMC TSPO is unaltered in IBA1+ cells in close proximity to amyloid plaques (P = 0.86), whereas CD68 and HLA-DR and beta amyloid are significantly upregulated (upper row, P = 0.0037, P = 0.037 and P = 2.97E−11, respectively). Similarly, TSPO is not upregulated in IBA1+ cells in close proximity to NFT (P = 0.809), whereas HLA-DR and pTau are significantly upregulated (lower row, P = 0.0002 and P = 3.25E−60, respectively). c Representative confocal microscopy images from an immunofluorescence experiment staining for beta amyloid plaques (blue), TSPO (green), IBA1 (red) and pTau (white). d Results of the quantification of z-stacked images from the immunofluorescence experiment from (c) showing that TSPO is not altered in IBA1+ cells in close proximity to amyloid plaques (p = 0.30) or NFT (p = 0.094). e In the pro-inflammatory microglial subcluster of the Olah et al. single-cell RNA sequencing dataset, there is downregulation of P2RY12 (P = 2.29E−16) and upregulation of the pro-inflammatory APOE (P = 4.27E−104), HLA-DRA (P = 3.51E−77), TREM2 (P = 1.80E−61) and FTH1 (P = 6.51E−115) relative to the homeostatic microglial subcluster. However, TSPO expression is not upregulated (P = 0.99). f In the pro-inflammatory microglial subcluster of the Smith et al. single nucleus RNA sequencing dataset, there is downregulation of P2RY12 (P = 3.58E−9) and upregulation of the pro-inflammatory APOE (P = 5.42E−12), HLA-DRA (P = 8.15E−5), TREM2 (P = 1.18E−12) and FTH1 (P = 8.11E−21) relative to the homeostatic microglial subcluster. However, TSPO expression is not upregulated (P = 0.44). Scale bar = 120 µm unless indicated. Biologically independent samples were used for all experiments (b for Plaques n = 446 cells from 22 individual samples, for NFTs n = 561 cells from 16 individual samples) (d n = 50 regions of interest for all conditions). Statistical significance in (b–d) was determined using a mixed-effects model and a zero-inflated Gamma distribution. Box and whiskers mark the 25th to 75th percentiles and the 95% confidence interval, respectively, with the median indicated. For demonstration purposes, the TSPO violin plot only contains the nuclei where TSPO is expressed, although as described in the methods the statistical analysis was performed on all nuclei. Source data are provided as a Source data file.