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. 2023 Aug 28;14:5247. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40937-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Representative images of TSPO expression in microglia and astrocytes in App^NL-G-F hippocampus. b An increase was observed in IBA1+ microglia at 28 weeks (P = 0.0078, t = 3.522, df = 8) but not 10 weeks (P = 0.8788, t = 0.1565, df = 10) in App^NL-G-F hippocampus compared to control. c No increase in astrocytes was observed (10 weeks: P = 0.6266, t = 0.5019, df = 10; 28 weeks: P = 0.4425, t = 0.8080, df = 8). d TSPO+ cells were increased at 28 weeks (P = 0.0079, U = 0, ranks = 15, 40) but not at 10 weeks (P = 0.2375, t = 1.257, df = 10) in the App^NL-G-F mice. e, f Both TSPO+ microglia (P = 0.0005, t = 5.658, df = 8) and astrocytes (P = 0.0030, t = 4.207, df = 8) were increased at 28 weeks in the hippocampus of App^NL-G-F mice but not at 10 weeks (microglia: P = 0.7213, t = 0.3670, df = 10; astrocytes: P = 0.9561, t = 0.056, df = 10). g Activated microglia (P < 0.0001, t = 7.925, df = 8), but not astrocytes (P = 0.3095, U = 7, ranks = 33, 22), in the App^NL-G-F model have increased TSPO expression at 28 weeks. h Representative images of TSPO expression in microglia and astrocytes in TAU^P301S hippocampus. i–k No increases in microglia (8 weeks: P = 0.3687, t = 0.9608, df = 7; 20 weeks; P = 0.9647, t = 0.04580, df = 7), astrocytes (8 weeks: P = 0.7353, t = 0.3519, df = 7; 20 weeks; P = 0.0870, t = 1.989, df = 7) or TSPO+ cells (8 weeks: P = 0.8492, U = 9, ranks = 19, 26; 20 weeks; P = 0.0876, t = 1.985, df = 7) were observed in the hippocampus of TAU^P301S mice. l, m No increase was observed in the number of TSPO+ microglia (8 weeks: P = 0.2787, t = 1.174, df = 7; 20 weeks; P = 0.0907, t = 1.961, df = 7) or astrocytes (8 weeks: P = 0.8684, t = 0.1718, df = 7; 20 weeks; P = 0.1984, U = 4.5, ranks = 14.5, 30.5). n Microglia in the TAU^P301S increase TSPO expression (P = 0.0133, t = 3.471, df = 6) whereas astrocytes do not (P = 0.5800, t = 0.5849, df = 6). Biologically independent samples were used for all experiments (b–g 10 weeks: n = 6 WT and n = 6 App^NL-G-F, 28 weeks: n = 5 WT and n = 5 App^NL-G-F) (i–n 8 and 20 weeks: n = 4 WT and n = 5 TAU^P301S). Statistical significance in (b–g) and (i–n) was determined by a two-tailed unpaired t-test or two-tailed Mann–Whitney U-test when not normally distributed. Box and whiskers mark the 25th to 75th percentiles and min to max values, respectively, with the median indicated. Scale bar = 50 µm, inserts are digitally zoomed in (200%). Each individual is represented by a different symbol. Source data are provided as a Source data file.