Table I.
Articles investigating the impact of metabolic imbalance on COVID-19 cases and pro-thrombotic changes.
| First author | Study period | Region | Main findings | (Refs.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haowei Li | From February 4th to April 14th, 2020 | Wu Han, China | This study includes 2,467 patients with COVID-19, 1,269 males and the average age is 59 years. Elevated D-dimer levels and higher fasting blood glucose is observed in 1,100 patients, thus demonstrating an increased risk for thrombosis. COVID-19 prognosis is considerably influenced by increased D-dimer and hyperglycemia, which exhibit a synergistic effect. | (54) |
| Stefania L. Calvisi | From April to May 2020 | Milan, Italy | This study analyses 169 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in which 51 patients have diabetes. Diabetes/stress hyperglycemia is associated with inflammation and tissue damage markers. An increased risk of thromboem- bolic events is linked to glucose variability. | (5) |
| Yogendra Mishra | From July 12th to August 31th, 2020 | North India | In this study, patients with COVID-19 and diabetes exhibit D-dimer levels of 1509±2420 ng/ml and cases without diabetes 515±624 ng/ml. Patients with diabetes have greater D-dimer levels and these results are statistically significant. | (55) |
| Anees A. Sindi | From April to December, 2020 | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | This study reveals the impact of diabetes on mortality rates in patients with COVID-19. Including 198 patients, 86 are diabetic and 139 are males with a mean age of 54.14 years. Mortality rate is higher in diabetic patients and the most frequent comorbidity is hypertension. | (56) |
| Fien A. von Meijenfeldt | From April 9th to June 8th, 2020 | Stockholm, Sweden | Patients with COVID-19 and respiratory support have elevated levels of D-dimer, fibrinogen, FVIII and vWF. Decreased levels of prothrombin, antithrombin, reduced number of platelets and higher levels of vWF factor are associated with short-term mortality. | (57) |
| Chaymae Miri | From November 01st to December 01st, 2020 | Oujda, Morocco | In this analysis, 201 patients with COVID-19 are included, average age is 64 years and 56% are male. D-dimer levels are statistically higher in diabetic patients. D-dimer levels >2,885 ng/ml is a significant predictor of mortality in diabetic patients. | (58) |
| Hermina Novida | From May 1st to August 31th, 2020 | Surabaya, Indonesia | This research includes 201 subjects, 108 are categorized as severe and 93 as non-severe COVID-19 cases. The average age is 55.69 years, diabetes onset is #x003C;10 years and most of the patients have hypertension, blood sugar levels of ≥200 mg/dl and HbA1c ≥8%. The presence of hypertension, HbA1c ≥8%, age ≥60 years and male sex are associated with severe COVID-19 in cases with diabetes. | (59) |
COVID-19, coronavirus disease-19; vWF, von Willebrand factor; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin.