Table 3.
Comparisons for accurately and inaccurately classified cases
| Mean ± SD | True positives (TP) | False negatives (FN) | False positives (FP) | True negatives (TN) | Comparison | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chi-square/F value | Post hoc analysis (Bonferroni or Fisher’s exact test) | |||||
| Cognitive functioning (Mean ± SD) | (N = 90) | (N = 43) | (N = 22) | (N = 32) | ||
| Full-scale IQ | 88.57 ± 23.67 | 89.97 ± 27.40 | 92.94 ± 12.74 | 103.33 ± 16.53 | 2.83a | TN > TP |
| Verbal IQ | 86.61 ± 27.47 | 94.29 ± 23.19 | 83.06 ± 14.59 | 105.85 ± 16.56 | 4.29b | TN > TP |
| Non-verbal IQ | 86.68 ± 27.28 | 89.87 ± 25.85 | 92.56 ± 16.03 | 101.93 ± 16.78 | 2.62a | TN > TP |
| Symptoms severity (Mean ± SD) | ||||||
| ADOS | ||||||
| ADOS Comparison Score | 7.38 ± 2.54 | 6.84 ± 2.47 | 3.12 ± 2.91 | 4.22 ± 2.76 | 14.24d | TP > TN and FP, FN > FP |
| Social Affect CSSe | 6.79 ± 2.27 | 6.29 ± 1.27 | 3.67 ± 2.12 | 4.24 ± 2.46 | 9.64d |
TP > TN and FP FN > FP |
| Restricted and Repetitive Behavior CSSe | 7.98 ± 2.43 | 6.97 ± 2.01 | 3.00 ± 2.45 | 4.12 ± 1.73 | 12.28d | TP & FN > TN and FP |
| BASC | ||||||
| Externalizing problem | 61.04 ± 12.54 | 59.77 ± 12.95 | 72.00 ± 18.56 | 68.55 ± 12.43 | 5.44b | FP > TP and FN |
| Internalizing problems | 54.03 ± 10.12 | 56.86 ± 13.71 | 63.50 ± 13.51 | 60.70 ± 15.04 | 3.87a | FP > TP |
| Behavioral Symptoms Index | 71.51 ± 11.87 | 65.43 ± 11.93 | 75.50 ± 10.72 | 70.32 ± 13.55 | 3.40a | FP > FN |
| Adaptive skillsf | 29.21 ± 8.49 | 37.91 ± 7.99 | 30.80 ± 5.03 | 34.83 ± 7.33 | 10.68d | FN > FP and TP, TN > TP |
| Hyperactivity | 67.19 ± 12.61 | 64.14 ± 11.81 | 71.40 ± 12.63 | 69.09 ± 13.68 | 1.59 | |
| Aggression | 57.63 ± 13.85 | 56.74 ± 13.23 | 71.61 ± 20.10 | 66.70 ± 13.55 | 6.93c | FP > TP and FN |
| Conduct problems | 54.59 ± 13.06 | 54.54 ± 14.24 | 68.56 ± 17.89 | 61.79 ± 11.18 | 5.56b | FP > TP and FN |
| Anxiety | 54.07 ± 13.27 | 55.71 ± 14.69 | 62.65 ± 16.07 | 55.87 ± 13.55 | 3.17a | FP > TP |
| Depression | 58.33 ± 11.89 | 59.91 ± 13.78 | 66.20 ± 13.41 | 65.74 ± 14.40 | 3.06 | |
| Somatization | 49.89 ± 9.41 | 51.57 ± 12.32 | 54.60 ± 13.49 | 55.04 ± 16.50 | 1.52 | |
| Atypicality | 78.34 ± 17.84 | 64.86 ± 15.40 | 77.00 ± 13.97 | 64.91 ± 13.05 | 7.89d | TP > TN and FN, FP > FN |
| Withdrawal | 73.38 ± 12.95 | 62.51 ± 10.75 | 69.75 ± 14.45 | 58.83 ± 14.83 | 10.08d | TP > TN and FN, FP > TN |
| Attention | 65.97 ± 8.90 | 63.00 ± 8.34 | 66.00 ± 6.18 | 65.57 ± 7.93 | 1.10 | |
| Adaptabilityf | 36.67 ± 8.39 | 42.49 ± 10.26 | 32.70 ± 5.80 | 34.96 ± 7.08 | 7.16c | FN > TP, FP, and TN |
| Social skillsf | 32.58 ± 10.01 | 40.00 ± 7.26 | 34.55 ± 8.60 | 37.00 ± 5.82 | 6.08c | FN > TP |
| Leadershipf | 31.78 ± 6.95 | 38.77 ± 6.21 | 34.00 ± 7.22 | 37.11 ± 6.81 | 7.23c | TN and FN > TP |
| Activities of daily livingf | 30.66 ± 10.72 | 38.00 ± 9.24 | 32.35 ± 6.74 | 37.57 ± 13.19 | 5.20b | TN and FN > TP |
| Functional communicationf | 29.03 ± 10.85 | 38.06 ± 9.90 | 32.85 ± 6.43 | 37.04 ± 9.37 | 8.08d | TN and FN > TP |
| VABS | ||||||
| Communication | 65.84 ± 18.13 | 75.90 ± 19.08 | 75.94 ± 12.52 | 81.83 ± 10.44 | 7.93d | TN and FN > TP |
| Daily living skills | 67.86 ± 14.39 | 76.50 ± 14.46 | 78.00 ± 8.62 | 80.90 ± 10.51 | 9.07d | TN, FP, and FN > TP |
| Social skills | 61.54 ± 13.02 | 73.24 ± 11.73 | 68.59 ± 10.79 | 76.72 ± 8.66 | 15.84d | TN and FN > TP |
| Motor skills | 77.76 ± 12.04 | 81.57 ± 15.68 | 76.71 ± 20.84 | 89.38 ± 18.28 | 1.06 | |
| Adaptive behavior composite | 64.22 ± 12.73 | 73.93 ± 12.46 | 82.53 ± 7.32 | 77.59 ± 7.95 | 12.72d | TN, FP, and FN > TP |
p value a: p < 0.05; b: p < 0.01; c: p < 0.001; d: p < 0.0001
eThe Calibrated Severity Score (CSS) is a standardized version of ADOS-2 raw total scores aimed to minimize the impact of factors such as age, language, and cognitive ability
fScores are reversed for the Adaptive Scales; lower scores represent poorer skills/performances, and higher scores reflect better skills/performances