Table 2.
Outcomes | Exposure | Factors | Subgroups | RR and 95%CI | P value | Heterogeneity (%) | RRR between subgroups |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EC | Red meat | Country | Western | 1.10 (0.87–1.40) | 0.428 | 33.4 | 0.82 (0.53–1.27)a |
Eastern | 1.34 (0.93–1.93) | 0.116 | - | ||||
Sex | Male | 1.35 (0.57–3.20) | 0.496 | 75.7 | 1.23 (0.50–3.03)b | ||
Female | 1.10 (0.84–1.45) | 0.496 | 0.0 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.10 (0.72–1.68) | 0.662 | 45.8 | 0.96 (0.59–1.55)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.15 (0.91–1.45) | 0.252 | 25.6 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.10 (0.87–1.40) | 0.428 | 33.4 | 0.82 (0.53–1.27)d | ||
Moderate | 1.34 (0.93–1.93) | 0.116 | - | ||||
Processed meat | Country | Western | 1.17 (0.89–1.55) | 0.262 | 56.7 | 1.34 (0.84–2.17)a | |
Eastern | 0.87 (0.59–1.28) | 0.476 | - | ||||
Sex | Male | 1.44 (0.81–2.58) | 0.218 | 51.3 | 1.62 (0.80–3.26)b | ||
Female | 0.89 (0.60–1.32) | 0.563 | 26.3 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 0.94 (0.60–1.49) | 0.798 | 49.3 | 0.75 (0.44–1.29)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.25 (0.94–1.67) | 0.127 | 60.3 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.17 (0.89–1.55) | 0.262 | 56.7 | 1.34 (0.84–2.17)d | ||
Moderate | 0.87 (0.59–1.28) | 0.476 | - | ||||
Total red and processed meat | Country | Western | 1.33 (0.79–2.23) | 0.286 | 63.5 | 1.28 (0.68–2.40)a | |
Eastern | 1.04 (0.73–1.49) | 0.829 | - | ||||
Sex | Male | - | - | - | - | ||
Female | - | - | - | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.04 (0.73–1.49) | 0.829 | - | 0.78 (0.42–1.47)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.33 (0.79–2.23) | 0.286 | 63.5 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.33 (0.79–2.23) | 0.286 | 63.5 | 1.28 (0.68–2.40)d | ||
Moderate | 1.04 (0.73–1.49) | 0.829 | - | ||||
GC | Red meat | Country | Western | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) | 0.805 | 24.7 | 1.00 (0.80–1.25)a |
Eastern | 1.02 (0.88–1.17) | 0.818 | 31.1 | ||||
Sex | Male | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 0.885 | 0.0 | 1.12 (0.88–1.43)b | ||
Female | 0.90 (0.74–1.09) | 0.268 | 0.0 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 0.869 | 0.0 | 0.97 (0.72–1.32)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.04 (0.78–1.38) | 0.792 | 55.7 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) | 0.758 | 12.2 | 0.84 (0.64–1.12)d | ||
Moderate | 1.16 (0.90–1.50) | 0.250 | 31.6 | ||||
Processed meat | Country | Western | 1.11 (0.94–1.33) | 0.221 | 42.4 | 1.12 (0.90–1.40)a | |
Eastern | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) | 0.871 | 14.0 | ||||
Sex | Male | 1.02 (0.88–1.18) | 0.774 | 0.0 | 0.89 (0.62–1.27)b | ||
Female | 1.15 (0.83–1.59) | 0.404 | 62.1 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.08 (0.94–1.25) | 0.276 | 35.3 | 1.03 (0.74–1.42)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.05 (0.78–1.40) | 0.759 | 61.0 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.07 (0.92–1.24) | 0.382 | 50.4 | 0.97 (0.72–1.31)d | ||
Moderate | 1.10 (0.85–1.42) | 0.479 | 20.9 | ||||
Total red and processed meat | Country | Western | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) | 0.804 | 8.6 | 0.98 (0.72–1.34)a | |
Eastern | 0.99 (0.81–1.20) | 0.896 | 45.6 | ||||
Sex | Male | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 0.618 | - | 1.17 (0.88–1.55)b | ||
Female | 0.82 (0.65–1.03) | 0.091 | - | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 0.98 (0.78–1.23) | 0.873 | 61.9 | 0.99 (0.72–1.35)c | ||
< 10.0 | 0.99 (0.80–1.23) | 0.927 | 0.0 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 0.221 | 0.0 | 0.68 (0.46-1.00) d | ||
Moderate | 1.37 (0.94–1.99) | 0.100 | - | ||||
CRC | Red meat | Country | Western | 1.12 (1.04–1.19) | 0.001 | 20.4 | 1.11 (0.98–1.26)a |
Eastern | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 0.830 | 0.0 | ||||
Sex | Male | 0.97 (0.80–1.18) | 0.789 | 0.0 | 0.92 (0.75–1.14)b | ||
Female | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 0.298 | 0.0 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 0.131 | 0.0 | 0.96 (0.84–1.11)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) | 0.092 | 54.4 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 0.020 | 28.0 | 0.86 (0.68–1.10)d | ||
Moderate | 1.25 (0.99–1.59) | 0.058 | 0.0 | ||||
Processed meat | Country | Western | 1.20 (1.13–1.29) | < 0.001 | 19.6 | 1.02 (0.89–1.16)a | |
Eastern | 1.18 (1.06–1.32) | 0.003 | 0.0 | ||||
Sex | Male | 1.27 (1.08–1.50) | 0.005 | 23.8 | 1.11 (0.91–1.36)b | ||
Female | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 0.023 | 0.0 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.21 (1.12–1.32) | < 0.001 | 0.0 | 1.03 (0.91–1.05)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.18 (1.09–1.29) | < 0.001 | 25.7 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.18 (1.12–1.24) | < 0.001 | 0.0 | 0.91 (0.71–1.16)d | ||
Moderate | 1.30 (1.03–1.66) | 0.030 | 43.0 | ||||
Total red and processed meat | Country | Western | 1.15 (1.07–1.23) | < 0.001 | 1.5 | 1.11 (0.95–1.28)a | |
Eastern | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) | 0.574 | 0.0 | ||||
Sex | Male | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) | 0.070 | 0.0 | 1.09 (0.85–1.40)b | ||
Female | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) | 0.128 | 15.4 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.20 (1.05–1.37) | 0.007 | 0.0 | 1.08 (0.92–1.27)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.11 (1.02–1.22) | 0.016 | 23.3 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) | 0.001 | 10.9 | 0.97 (0.76–1.23)d | ||
Moderate | 1.17 (0.92–1.47) | 0.195 | 0.0 | ||||
CC | Red meat | Country | Western | 1.18 (1.03–1.35) | 0.015 | 7.2 | 1.10 (0.91–1.34)a |
Eastern | 1.07 (0.93–1.24) | 0.346 | 0.0 | ||||
Sex | Male | 1.05 (0.78–1.41) | 0.747 | - | 1.02 (0.73–1.42)b | ||
Female | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 0.675 | 0.0 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 0.443 | 0.0 | 0.85 (0.71–1.03)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.23 (1.08–1.42) | 0.003 | 0.0 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.14 (1.02–1.27) | 0.021 | 13.0 | 1.07 (0.75–1.52)d | ||
Moderate | 1.07 (0.76–1.50) | 0.708 | 0.0 | ||||
Processed meat | Country | Western | 1.24 (1.12–1.38) | < 0.001 | 0.0 | 0.99 (0.80–1.23)a | |
Eastern | 1.25 (1.03–1.50) | 0.022 | 0.0 | ||||
Sex | Male | 1.24 (1.04–1.49) | 0.018 | 0.0 | 0.99 (0.78–1.26)b | ||
Female | 1.25 (1.06–1.47) | 0.007 | 0.0 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.25 (1.09–1.44) | 0.002 | 0.0 | 1.01 (0.84–1.22)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.24 (1.09–1.40) | 0.001 | 0.0 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.22 (1.11–1.35) | < 0.001 | 0.0 | 0.87 (0.64–1.17)d | ||
Moderate | 1.41 (1.06–1.88) | 0.019 | 0.0 | ||||
Total red and processed meat | Country | Western | 1.24 (1.10–1.41) | 0.001 | 0.0 | 1.06 (0.79–1.42)a | |
Eastern | 1.17 (0.90–1.52) | 0.239 | 62.3 | ||||
Sex | Male | 1.28 (1.02–1.61) | 0.032 | 0.0 | 1.12 (0.84–1.51)b | ||
Female | 1.14 (0.95–1.38) | 0.158 | 4.1 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.26 (1.05–1.51) | 0.014 | 0.0 | 1.10 (0.85–1.40)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.15 (0.97–1.36) | 0.115 | 50.1 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.19 (1.04–1.35) | 0.012 | 40.0 | 1.07 (0.67–1.71)d | ||
Moderate | 1.11 (0.71–1.74) | 0.635 | 0.0 | ||||
RC | Red meat | Country | Western | 1.33 (1.03–1.72) | 0.029 | 44.5 | 1.41 (0.95–2.11)a |
Eastern | 0.94 (0.69–1.27) | 0.678 | 22.4 | ||||
Sex | Male | 1.21 (0.67–2.18) | 0.527 | - | 1.07 (0.54–2.13)b | ||
Female | 1.13 (0.79–1.61) | 0.518 | 59.8 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.23 (0.94–1.60) | 0.134 | 35.6 | 1.07 (0.68–1.69)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.15 (0.79–1.66) | 0.467 | 58.8 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.10 (0.91–1.33) | 0.332 | 32.4 | 0.50 (0.28–0.91) d | ||
Moderate | 2.18 (1.25–3.81) | 0.006 | 0.0 | ||||
Processed meat | Country | Western | 1.29 (1.07–1.56) | 0.007 | 19.9 | 1.13 (0.84–1.53)a | |
Eastern | 1.14 (0.90–1.44) | 0.277 | 0.0 | ||||
Sex | Male | 1.03 (0.79–1.36) | 0.824 | 0.0 | 0.94 (0.65–1.38)b | ||
Female | 1.09 (0.84–1.43) | 0.515 | 6.5 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.09 (0.91–1.31) | 0.345 | 0.0 | 0.77 (0.60-1.00) c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.41 (1.17–1.69) | < 0.001 | 0.0 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.20 (1.05–1.37) | 0.007 | 0.0 | 0.63 (0.38–1.06)d | ||
Moderate | 1.90 (1.15–3.13) | 0.012 | 0.0 | ||||
Total red and processed meat | Country | Western | 1.32 (1.11–1.57) | 0.002 | 0.0 | 1.26 (0.98–1.61)a | |
Eastern | 1.05 (0.88–1.26) | 0.587 | 0.0 | ||||
Sex | Male | 0.93 (0.58–1.49) | 0.763 | - | 0.84 (0.48–1.46)b | ||
Female | 1.11 (0.83–1.49) | 0.478 | 0.0 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.09 (0.85–1.39) | 0.507 | 0.0 | 0.85 (0.61–1.18)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.28 (1.03–1.60) | 0.025 | 44.9 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.19 (1.03–1.37) | 0.021 | 14.3 | 0.65 (0.21-2.00)d | ||
Moderate | 1.82 (0.60–5.52) | 0.290 | - | ||||
PC | Red meat | Country | Western | 1.03 (0.87–1.21) | 0.764 | 55.0 | 1.91 (0.87–4.18)a |
Eastern | 0.54 (0.25–1.16) | 0.116 | - | ||||
Sex | Male | 0.89 (0.70–1.14) | 0.360 | 0.0 | 0.82 (0.58–1.15)b | ||
Female | 1.09 (0.86–1.38) | 0.494 | 33.3 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 0.94 (0.61–1.44) | 0.777 | 63.6 | 0.91 (0.57–1.45)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | 0.779 | 55.2 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.03 (0.86–1.22) | 0.770 | 59.5 | 1.37 (0.73–2.58)d | ||
Moderate | 0.75 (0.41–1.38) | 0.357 | 27.4 | ||||
Processed meat | Country | Western | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 0.925 | 68.7 | 0.85 (0.43–1.68)a | |
Eastern | 1.16 (0.60–2.23) | 0.657 | - | ||||
Sex | Male | 0.99 (0.76–1.30) | 0.953 | 59.2 | 1.09 (0.78–1.51)b | ||
Female | 0.91 (0.75–1.09) | 0.293 | 28.5 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 0.88 (0.71–1.10) | 0.275 | 0.0 | 0.84 (0.62–1.13)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.05 (0.86–1.29) | 0.639 | 74.1 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) | 0.870 | 68.2 | 0.98 (0.46–2.09)d | ||
Moderate | 1.01 (0.48–2.10) | 0.984 | 69.5 | ||||
Total red and processed meat | Country | Western | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) | 0.699 | 43.4 | 0.80 (0.62–1.03)a | |
Eastern | 1.30 (1.09–1.56) | 0.004 | - | ||||
Sex | Male | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) | 0.287 | 0.0 | 0.96 (0.65–1.40)b | ||
Female | 0.90 (0.70–1.17) | 0.439 | 0.0 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.06 (0.72–1.56) | 0.761 | 0.0 | 0.97 (0.64–1.49)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.09 (0.91–1.30) | 0.363 | 59.3 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.08 (0.93–1.27) | 0.305 | 48.3 | - | ||
Moderate | - | - | - | ||||
HCC | Red meat | Country | Western | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 0.103 | 0.0 | 0.90 (0.68–1.19)a |
Eastern | 1.16 (0.88–1.53) | 0.299 | - | ||||
Sex | Male | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 0.442 | 0.0 | 0.92 (0.81–1.04)b | ||
Female | 1.11 (1.00-1.24) | 0.055 | 0.0 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.13 (0.89–1.43) | 0.315 | 0.0 | 1.09 (0.85–1.38)c | ||
< 10.0 | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 0.106 | 0.0 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.04 (1.00-1.09) | 0.075 | 0.0 | - | ||
Moderate | - | - | - | ||||
Processed meat | Country | Western | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | 0.647 | 50.0 | 0.84 (0.63–1.13)a | |
Eastern | 1.15 (0.89–1.49) | 0.288 | - | ||||
Sex | Male | 1.37 (0.54–3.46) | 0.502 | 86.1 | 1.32 (0.49–3.53)b | ||
Female | 1.04 (0.74–1.44) | 0.837 | 37.7 | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.43 (0.96–2.13) | 0.081 | 47.2 | 1.55 (1.04–2.32) c | ||
< 10.0 | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 0.002 | 0.0 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.00 (0.88–1.13) | 0.979 | 52.3 | - | ||
Moderate | - | - | - | ||||
Total red and processed meat | Country | Western | 0.94 (0.67–1.32) | 0.724 | 20.9 | 0.74 (0.48–1.15)a | |
Eastern | 1.27 (0.96–1.68) | 0.094 | - | ||||
Sex | Male | 1.69 (0.74–3.87) | 0.214 | - | 1.71 (0.58–5.06)b | ||
Female | 0.99 (0.49-2.00) | 0.978 | - | ||||
Follow-up | ≥ 10.0 | 1.26 (0.99–1.62) | 0.065 | 0.0 | 1.54 (0.96–2.45)c | ||
< 10.0 | 0.82 (0.55–1.22) | 0.324 | 23.2 | ||||
Adjusted level | High | 1.05 (0.80–1.39) | 0.709 | 34.1 | - | ||
Moderate | - | - | - |
*acompared Western countries with Eastern countries; bcompared male with female; ccompared follow-up ≥ 10.0 years with follow-up < 10.0 years; dcompared high adjusted level with moderate adjusted level