Table 2.

Mechanism and composition of responsive hydrogel wound dressing for diabetes

Responsivity	Mechanism	Therapeutic agent	Materials	References
pH	Acylhydrazone bond and imine bond	Insulin	N-carboxyethyl chitosan, dihydrazine adipate and hyaluronic acid–aldehyde	[95]
	Imine bond	Ceftazidime	ODex and AMP DP7 (VQWRIRVAVIRK)	[27]
		AgNPs and pro-angiogenic drug DFO	Dopamine, ODex polymers	[96]
		Umbilical cord stem cell factor	Collagen- and aldehyde-modified PEG	[97]
	Exchange of sodium and calcium ions	Protamine nanoparticles and hyaluronan oligosaccharides	Na-alginate and Ca2+ ions	[98]
	Hydrogen bond and hydrazone bond	Metformin	Hyaluronic acid and collagen	[99]
ROS	Borate ester bond	Mupirocin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor	N1, N1, N3, N3-tetramethylpropane-1, 3-diaminium and PVA	[25]
	Hydrogen bond	No	Quaternized chitosan and TA	[100]
	Phenylboronic ester bond	No	PPBA, TA and PVA	[93]
	Phenylboronic ester bond	Doxycycline hydrochloride	Sodium alginate and sodium hyaluronate modified by 3-aminophenylboric acid and PVA	[101]
Enzyme	MMP degradable peptide	ADSC-exo	Four-arm PEG functionalized by maleimide, the substrate peptides of MMP [MMP(W)x] and PFG-dithiol	[87]
	Metal chelating and hydrogen bond	Curcumin	L-carnosine (b-alanyl-L-histidine) and silk fibroin	[102]
Glucose	Borate bonds	Insulin	Gelatin methacrylate, 4-(2-acrylamide ethyl aminoformyl)-3-fluorobenzene boric acid and gluconic acid (G-insulin)	[103]
	GOX	Deferoxamine mesylate	IDA, DFO, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, and GOX	[94]
	Phenylboronic ester bonds	No	PEG-DA and PBA modified hyaluronic acid	[104]
	Phenylboronic ester bonds	No	PBA modified hyaluronic acid methacrylate and catechin	[105]
pH/ROS	Amide bond and imine bond, mercaptan group	Zinc oxide nanoparticles, paeoniflorin	Ethylenediamine-modified gelatin and oxidized dextra	[89]
	Boronic ester bonds and imine bond	Diclofenac sodium, mangiferin	Phenylboronic acid grafted oxyglucan and caffeic acid grafted ε-polylysine	[83]
	Phenylboronic ester bonds	Vancomycin-conjugated silver nanoclusters, nimesulide	Phenylboronic acid-modified gel and PVA	[106]
pH/glucose	Benzoic-imine bonds and phenylboronic ester bonds	Insulin and fibroblasts	Phenylboronic-modified chitosan, PVA and benzaldehyde-capped poly(ethylene glycol)	[107]
	Imine bond and phenylborate bond	Metformin and graphene oxide	PEG-modified with formyl benzoic acid and PBA, Dihydrocaffeic acid and L-arginine grafted chitosan	[26]
pH/temperature	AAc, hydrophobic interaction	Ultrasmall AgNPs	N-PNIPAM and AAc	[22]
	Imine bond, hydrophobic interaction	The adipose mesenchymal stem cells -derived exosomes	Pluronic F127, oxide hyaluronic acid and poly-ε-L-lysine	[66]
	Sulfonamide groups, hydrophobic interaction	No	Poly(sulfamethazine ester urethane), PEG	[108]
Temperature/enzyme	Gelatin (substrate of MMP-9), hydrophobic interaction	Curcumin	Gelatin and Pluronic F127	[70]
Photo/magnetic	MNPs@MXene, hydrophobic interaction	AgNPs	Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles, PNIPAM and alginate	[109]

AAc acrylic acid, ADSC-exo adipose-derived stem cell exosomes, AgNPs silver nanoparticles, AMP DP7 antimicrobial peptide DP7, DFO deferoxamine, GOX glucose oxidase, IDA 4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid, MMP matrix metalloproteinase, MNPs@MXene Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ magnetic nanoparticles, N-PNIPAM N-isopropylacrylamide, ODex oxidized dextran, PEG polyethylene glycol, PEG-DA poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate, PVA poly(vinyl alcohol), TA tannic acid, PPBA phenylboronic acid-modified polyphosphazene, ROS reactive oxygen species