Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by constipation among men and women, weighted
| Characteristic | Males | p value | Females | p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No constipation | Constipation | No constipation | Constipation | |||||
| (n=5689) | (n=311) | (n=5086) | (n=636) | |||||
| Age (years), % (SE) | 0.12 | 0.14 | ||||||
| 20-50 | 60.46 (1.27) | 66.18 (3.47) | 56.35 (1.22) | 60.34 (2.28) | ||||
| ≥50 | 39.54 (1.27) | 33.82 (3.47) | 43.65 (1.22) | 39.66 (2.28) | ||||
| Race, % (SE) | < 0.0001 | 0.03 | ||||||
| Mexican American | 8.62 (1.00) | 16.90 (3.02) | 6.67 (0.84) | 7.52 (1.24) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10.14 (0.88) | 17.80 (2.95) | 10.82 (1.05) | 14.85 (2.39) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 71.82 (1.76) | 56.10 (4.72) | 73.64 (1.82) | 67.02 (3.61) | ||||
| Other races | 9.42 (0.87) | 9.21 (2.84) | 8.87 (0.82) | 10.61 (2.00) | ||||
| Marital status, % (SE) | 0.06 | 0.43 | ||||||
| Living alone | 33.36 (1.13) | 42.86 (4.74) | 39.04 (1.38) | 41.46 (2.76) | ||||
| Married or living with partner | 66.64 (1.13) | 57.14 (4.74) | 60.96 (1.38) | 58.54 (2.76) | ||||
| Educational levels, % (SE) | < 0.0001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Below high school | 5.32 (0.45) | 10.22 (2.26) | 4.09 (0.35) | 7.07 (1.17) | ||||
| High school | 35.61 (1.34) | 51.71 (5.28) | 35.60 (1.13) | 42.48 (2.67) | ||||
| Above high school | 59.07 (1.48) | 38.07 (5.15) | 60.31 (1.24) | 50.45 (2.92) | ||||
| Poverty-income ratio, % (SE) | < 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||
| < 2 | 29.99 (1.15) | 42.94 (3.99) | 33.61 (1.26) | 42.37 (2.60) | ||||
| ≥ 2 | 70.01 (1.15) | 57.06 (3.99) | 66.39 (1.26) | 57.63 (2.60) | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2), % (SE) | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||||||
| < 25 | 26.19 (1.17) | 37.92 (5.15) | 36.30 (1.09) | 41.13 (2.67) | ||||
| 25-30 | 39.23 (0.94) | 35.67 (3.83) | 27.99 (1.20) | 31.87 (2.44) | ||||
| > 30 | 34.58 (1.19) | 26.41 (3.15) | 35.71 (1.12) | 27.00 (2.30) | ||||
| Vigorous physical activity, % (SE) | 0.05 | 0.29 | ||||||
| No | 64.77 (0.93) | 73.53 (3.84) | 80.25 (0.85) | 82.91 (2.32) | ||||
| Yes | 35.23 (0.93) | 26.47 (3.84) | 19.75 (0.85) | 17.09 (2.32) | ||||
| Smoking status, % (SE) | 0.61 | 0.21 | ||||||
| Former | 28.14 (1.05) | 24.03 (4.08) | 21.12 (0.94) | 18.69 (1.90) | ||||
| Never | 46.85 (1.21) | 48.71 (4.51) | 58.47 (1.12) | 62.86 (2.42) | ||||
| Now | 25.00 (0.88) | 27.26 (4.28) | 20.41 (0.93) | 18.46 (1.95) | ||||
| Drinking status, % (SE) | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||
| No | 13.63 (0.82) | 21.81 (3.31) | 30.73 (1.37) | 38.23 (2.82) | ||||
| Yes | 86.37 (0.82) | 78.19 (3.31) | 69.27 (1.37) | 61.77 (2.82) | ||||
| Diabetes, % (SE) | 0.12 | 0.94 | ||||||
| No | 89.85 (0.43) | 92.62 (1.48) | 90.46 (0.57) | 90.36 (1.17) | ||||
| Yes | 10.15 (0.43) | 7.38 (1.48) | 9.54 (0.57) | 9.64 (1.17) | ||||
| Hypertension, % (SE) | 0.43 | 0.38 | ||||||
| No | 48.57 (1.20) | 51.47 (3.56) | 55.37 (1.01) | 57.76 (2.63) | ||||
| Yes | 51.43 (1.20) | 48.53 (3.56) | 44.63 (1.01) | 42.24 (2.63) | ||||
| Depression, % (SE) | < 0.001 | 0.01 | ||||||
| No | 95.25 (0.46) | 83.85 (5.05) | 91.87 (0.60) | 87.37 (1.55) | ||||
| Yes | 4.75 (0.46) | 16.15 (5.05) | 8.13 (0.60) | 12.63 (1.55) | ||||
| Dietary measures, mean (SE) | ||||||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2516.61 (21.45) | 2313.84 (70.51) | 0.01 | 1772.35 (11.84) | 1724.37 (28.64) | 0.12 | ||
| Fiber (gm/day) | 18.23 (0.27) | 15.32 (0.75) | < 0.001 | 15.05 (0.19) | 13.46 (0.41) | < 0.001 | ||
| Fat (gm/day) | 95.24 (1.11) | 83.87 (3.02) | 0.001 | 67.51 (0.66) | 63.84 (1.41) | 0.02 | ||
| Fluid (gm/day) | 3297.27 (37.22) | 2803.36 (103.25) | < 0.0001 | 2686.75 (22.29) | 2408.44 (64.46) | < 0.0001 | ||
| HEI 2015 scores | 51.50 (0.35) | 48.59 (0.99) | 0.01 | 54.66 (0.35) | 52.22 (0.82) | 0.001 | ||
| Dietary carotenoids intake (mcg/day), mean (SE) | ||||||||
| ɑ-Carotene | 403.30 (17.47) | 308.17 (46.55) | 0.05 | 427.75 (17.59) | 321.99 (33.27) | 0.002 | ||
| β-Carotene | 2078.85 (66.34) | 1615.60 (191.21) | 0.02 | 2294.29 (69.93) | 1751.85 (155.71) | < 0.001 | ||
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 104.68 (4.25) | 80.09 (9.84) | 0.02 | 93.72 (4.20) | 74.44 (4.76) | < 0.001 | ||
| Lycopene (Diet) | 6709.98 (196.94) | 4473.85 (466.80) | < 0.001 | 4910.82 (177.90) | 4528.77 (293.77) | 0.28 | ||
| Lutein with zeaxanthin (Diet) | 1431.17 (53.55) | 1252.91 (204.11) | 0.39 | 1573.87 (50.04) | 1245.21 (97.07) | 0.002 | ||
| Total lycopene (Diet and Supplement) | 6798.84 (203.78) | 4515.88 (470.57) | < 0.001 | 4956.40 (178.36) | 4553.95 (293.14) | 0.25 | ||
| Total lutein with zeaxanthin (Diet and Supplement) | 1496.46 (50.49) | 1280.90 (204.72) | 0.30 | 1686.20 (49.59) | 1325.74 (98.66) | 0.001 | ||
SE standard errors, BMI body mass index, HEI healthy eating index