Table 2.
Weighted ORs and 95% CIs for constipation among men and women according to the quartiles of dietary carotenoids intake
| Carotenoids (mcg/day) | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | p for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | ||||||
| ɑ-Carotene | ||||||
| Median (Range) | 8.5 [0-24] | 43 (24-75.5] | 170 (75.5-435.375] | 1012.5 (435.375-19,519] | ||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.71 (0.48, 1.06) | 0.69 (0.44, 1.06) | 0.71 (0.48, 1.07) | 0.09 | |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.72 (0.48, 1.10) | 0.80 (0.52, 1.21) | 0.88 (0.58, 1.34) | 0.57 | |
| Model 3 | Ref. | 0.90 (0.60, 1.35) | 1.08 (0.66, 1.78) | 1.20 (0.74, 1.96) | 0.38 | |
| β-Carotene | ||||||
| Median (Range) | 232.5 [0-406] | 623.5 (406-970] | 1545 (970-2515.625] | 4368.5 (2515.625-41,975] | ||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.60 (0.40, 0.91) | 0.57 (0.39, 0.82) | 0.46 (0.29, 0.73) | 0.001 | |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.65 (0.42, 0.99) | 0.72 (0.50, 1.05) | 0.61 (0.40, 0.93) | 0.03 | |
| Model 3 | Ref. | 0.84 (0.57, 1.24) | 0.99 (0.61, 1.60) | 0.93 (0.58, 1.48) | 0.91 | |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | ||||||
| Median (Range) | 5 [0-12.5] | 23 (12.5-41.5] | 70.5 (41.5-117.625] | 222.75 (117.625-4011] | ||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.59 (0.42, 0.84) | 0.70 (0.44, 1.13) | 0.64 (0.43, 0.96) | 0.10 | |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.61 (0.44, 0.86) | 0.76 (0.48, 1.22) | 0.70 (0.48, 1.01) | 0.18 | |
| Model 3 | Ref. | 0.69 (0.50, 0.96) | 0.97 (0.65, 1.45) | 0.91 (0.62, 1.34) | 0.91 | |
| Lycopene (Diet) | ||||||
| Median (Range) | 6 [0-835.5] | 1783.5 (835.5-3110.5] | 4965.25 (3110.5-7728.875] | 13,459.75 (7728.875-143,241.5] | ||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.87 (0.62, 1.22) | 0.69 (0.46, 1.04) | 0.41 (0.25, 0.66) | <0.001 | |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.90 (0.65, 1.26) | 0.69 (0.44, 1.09) | 0.44 (0.27, 0.71) | 0.003 | |
| Model 3 | Ref. | 1.02 (0.74, 1.41) | 0.86 (0.60, 1.24) | 0.55 (0.36, 0.84) | 0.01 | |
| Lutein with zeaxanthin (Diet) | ||||||
| Median (Range) | 261.5 [0-412.5] | 573 (412.5-760.25] | 1004.5 (760.25-1384.375] | 2366.25 (1384.375-47,066] | ||
| Model 1 | ref | 0.56 (0.32, 0.96) | 0.37 (0.21, 0.65) | 0.46 (0.28, 0.75) | 0.001 | |
| Model 2 | ref | 0.59 (0.35, 1.00) | 0.42 (0.24, 0.73) | 0.60 (0.38, 0.94) | 0.01 | |
| Model 3 | Ref. | 0.75 (0.45, 1.23) | 0.58 (0.34, 0.96) | 0.93 (0.59, 1.47) | 0.39 | |
| Total lycopene (Diet and Supplement) | ||||||
| Median (Range) | 72 [0-886.375] | 1863.5 (886.375-3158.75] | 5040.75 (3158.75-7823] | 13,563 (7823-143,241.5] | ||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.85 (0.58, 1.23) | 0.70 (0.47, 1.03) | 0.39 (0.24, 0.62) | <0.001 | |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.88 (0.61, 1.26) | 0.70 (0.45, 1.08) | 0.41 (0.25, 0.67) | 0.001 | |
| Model 3 | Ref. | 0.99 (0.70, 1.42) | 0.86 (0.61, 1.22) | 0.52 (0.34, 0.80) | 0.01 | |
|
Total lutein with zeaxanthin (Diet and Supplement) |
||||||
| Median (Range) | 268.5 [0-435.5] | 600.5 (435.5-798] | 1052.5 (798-1448.5] | 2489 (1448.5-47,066] | ||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.45 (0.27, 0.76) | 0.44 (0.27, 0.72) | 0.42 (0.26, 0.69) | 0.002 | |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.48 (0.29, 0.80) | 0.51 (0.31, 0.82) | 0.56 (0.35, 0.89) | 0.02 | |
| Model 3 | Ref. | 0.60 (0.36, 0.99) | 0.69 (0.45, 1.08) | 0.88 (0.55, 1.41) | 0.49 | |
| Women | ||||||
| ɑ-Carotene | ||||||
| Median (Range) | 10.5 [0-25.5] | 47 (25.5-90.25] | 203 (90.25-453] | 966 (453-18,675] | ||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.60 (0.46, 0.78) | 0.58 (0.43, 0.79) | 0.53 (0.39, 0.72) | <0.0001 | |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.63 (0.48, 0.83) | 0.63 (0.46, 0.88) | 0.60 (0.43, 0.83) | 0.002 | |
| Model 3 | Ref. | 0.67 (0.50, 0.91) | 0.70 (0.49, 0.99) | 0.69 (0.48, 0.98) | 0.04 | |
| β-Carotene | ||||||
| Median (Range) | 231 [0-416.5] | 675 (416.5-1066.5] | 1745 (1066.5-2763.75] | 4648.5 (2763.75-48,098.5] | ||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.81 (0.59, 1.11) | 0.67 (0.53, 0.86) | 0.49 (0.37, 0.66) | <0.0001 | |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.88 (0.64, 1.22) | 0.76 (0.58, 0.99) | 0.57 (0.41, 0.80) | <0.001 | |
| Model 3 | Ref. | 0.97 (0.68, 1.39) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.24) | 0.70 (0.47, 1.05) | 0.07 | |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | ||||||
| Median (Range) | 5 [0-12] | 23 (12-40] | 69 (40-110] | 195.5 (110-4958] | ||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.67 (0.48, 0.92) | 0.71 (0.51, 0.98) | 0.68 (0.50, 0.92) | 0.01 | |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.69 (0.51, 0.94) | 0.76 (0.56, 1.02) | 0.75 (0.54, 1.04) | 0.07 | |
| Model 3 | Ref. | 0.70 (0.49, 1.00) | 0.82 (0.59, 1.13) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.23) | 0.40 | |
| Lycopene(Diet) | ||||||
| Median (Range) | 3 [0-548.25] | 1248.75 (548.25-2103] | 3512.75 (2103-5840.5] | 10,378 (5840.5-126,269] | ||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 1.01 (0.78, 1.30) | 0.87 (0.63, 1.21) | 0.91 (0.68, 1.23) | 0.41 | |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) | 0.94 (0.67, 1.33) | 1.00 (0.74, 1.35) | 0.80 | |
| Model 3 | Ref. | 1.14 (0.88, 1.48) | 1.02 (0.71, 1.46) | 1.16 (0.82, 1.64) | 0.56 | |
| Lutein with zeaxanthin (Diet) | ||||||
| Median (Range) | 245.5 [0-396] | 545 (396-723.75] | 984.75 (723.75-1427.75] | 2564.5 (1427.75-57,188] | ||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.65 (0.47, 0.90) | 0.67 (0.50, 0.89) | 0.59 (0.44, 0.80) | 0.002 | |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.69 (0.49, 0.99) | 0.75 (0.56, 0.99) | 0.69 (0.51, 0.94) | 0.03 | |
| Model 3 | Ref. | 0.73 (0.51, 1.06) | 0.89 (0.60, 1.31) | 0.90 (0.63, 1.28) | 0.76 | |
| Total lycopene (Diet and Supplement) | ||||||
| Median (Range) | 17.5 [0-579.625] | 1255.5 (579.625-2156] | 3553.5 (2156-5896.25] | 10,422 (5896.25-126,269] | ||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.91 (0.68, 1.21) | 0.84 (0.61, 1.15) | 0.85 (0.63, 1.14) | 0.26 | |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.97 (0.73, 1.28) | 0.91 (0.65, 1.28) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.26) | 0.59 | |
| Model 3 | Ref. | 1.01 (0.76, 1.35) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.38) | 1.06 (0.76, 1.48) | 0.79 | |
|
Total lutein with zeaxanthin (Diet and Supplement) |
||||||
| Median (Range) | 255 [0-412] | 568 (412-757] | 1036 (757-1503.25] | 2790 (1503.25-57,188] | ||
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.65 (0.49, 0.86) | 0.67 (0.49, 0.91) | 0.56 (0.41, 0.76) | 0.002 | |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.70 (0.52, 0.94) | 0.75 (0.55, 1.02) | 0.66 (0.48, 0.89) | 0.02 | |
| Model 3 | Ref. | 0.73 (0.53, 1.01) | 0.88 (0.59, 1.32) | 0.84 (0.58, 1.20) | 0.51 | |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
Model 1 did not adjust for any variables
Model 2 adjusted for age (as a continuous variable), race, marital status, educational levels and PIR (as a continuous variable)
Model 3 further adjusted for vigorous physical activity, BMI (as a continuous variable), smoking status, drinking status, diabetes, hypertension, depression, and dietary energy, dietary fiber, fat, fluid intake, and HEI 2015 scores
The bold values refer to P< 0.05