Table 1.
Characteristics of the predictors in the study sample (n = 4793)
| Mean (SD) or n (%) | % missing per variable | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Age (years)* + | 76 (6) | 0% |
| Sex (female)* + | 2822 (59%) | 0% |
| Education (college + university) | 1392 (29%) | 6% |
| Neuroimaging variables | ||
| Log-transformed white matter lesion volume (ml)* | 13.5 (2.5) | 18% |
| Hippocampal volume (ml)* | 5.6 (0.7) | 17% |
| Number of microbleeds* | 0.3 (1.6) | 17% |
| Presence of infarcts | 1491 (31%) | 16% |
| Gray matter volume (ml)* | 676 (63) | 18% |
| Intracranial volume (ml)* | 1501 (148) | 18% |
| Clinical variables | ||
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 101 (12) | 1% |
| Carotid intima-media thickness test (CIMT) | 1 (0.1) | 10% |
| High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.6 (0.5) | < 1% |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 3.5 (1.0) | < 1% |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.7) | < 1% |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.8 (1.2) | < 1% |
| B-hemoglobin A1c (g/dl) | 0.5 (0.1) | 8% |
| High-sensitive c-reactive protein (mg/L) | 3.8 (6.7) | < 1% |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 142 (21) | 1% |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74 (10) | 1% |
| Hypertension | 3855 (80%) | 1% |
| Coronary artery disease | 842 (18%) | 0% |
| Diabetes mellitus | 591 (12%) | 0% |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1499 (31%) | 1% |
| Stroke/blood clot in the brain | 297 (6%) | 2% |
| History of cancer | 753 (16%) | 1% |
| Experienced a head trauma or lost consciousness | 416 (9%) | 5% |
| Subjective memory decline*+ | 1431 (30%) | 3% |
| Often forget the names of a friend | 1522 (32%) | 5% |
| Often forget where items are*+ | 2083 (44%) | 5% |
| Difficulty finding the right words | 1517 (32%) | 5% |
| Difficulty finding the way to familiar places*+ | 385 (8%) | 5% |
| Inability in managing money*+ | 132 (3%) | 4% |
| Inability in dressing oneself*+ | 29 (1%) | 6% |
| Intermit claudication in legs | 227 (5%) | 5% |
| Insomnia | 1438 (30%) | 3% |
| Poor health status | 276 (6%) | 1% |
| ADL score, full dependence on all items*+ | 52 (1%) | 6% |
| Morning salivary cortisol (nmol/L) | 19.8 (13.3) | 9% |
| Evening salivary cortisol (nmol/L) | 3.8 (6.6) | 9% |
| GDS-15 sum score*+ | 2.3 (2.1) | 6% |
| All anxiety questions ‘yes’ | 40 (1%) | 1% |
| Diagnosis of current GAD, social phobia, panic disorder, or agoraphobia | 98 (2%) | 5% |
| Current/past diagnosis of major depressive disorder | 248 (5%) | 5% |
| Medication use | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 396 (8%) | 0% |
| Beta-adrenergic blockers | 1660 (35%) | 0% |
| Glucocorticoids | 171 (4%) | 0% |
| Psycholeptics | 818 (17%) | 0% |
| Anti-depressants | 662 (14%) | 0% |
| Lifestyle variables | ||
| Current smoker, % | 582 (12%) | 4% |
| Alcohol consumption (g/week) | 16 (33) | 4% |
| Moderate/high physical activity | 1509 (31%) | 7% |
| Mental leisure activity (days per month) | 7 (6) | 6% |
| Social leisure activity (days per month) | 4 (4) | 6% |
| Single marital status, % | 288 (6%) | 6% |
| Number of close friends | 4 (4) | 6% |
| Not that easy to walk 2 km*+ | 960 (20%) | 27% |
| Not that easy to walk 500 m*+ | 233 (5%) | 27% |
| Number of living close relatives | 7 (4) | 6% |
| Never fish consumption, % | 26 (1%) | 6% |
| Cognitive assessment | ||
| MMSE total score*+ | 27 (3) | 1% |
| Outcome | ||
| Incident dementia | 892 (19%) | 0% |
| Follow-up time (years) | 9 (3) | 0% |
* marks variables entered in model 2. + marks variables entered in model 3. GAD = generalized anxiety disorder. GDS-15 = Geriatric Depression Scale-15. CVLT = California Verbal Learning Test