Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction ≥50% and Heart Rate ≥70 Beats/Minute, by High-Dose Beta-Blocker Versus No Beta-Blocker Use
| n (%) or mean (±SD) | Before propensity score matching (n=2470) | After propensity score matching (n=1280) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||
| No beta-blocker (n=1740) | High-dose beta-blocker (n=730) | P value | No beta-blocker (n=640) | High-dose beta-blocker (n=640) | P value | |
|
|
||||||
| Age (years) | 78 (11) | 76 (11) | <0.001 | 76 (12) | 76 (11) | 0.993 |
| Female | 1171 (66%) | 479 (67%) | 0.418 | 427 (67%) | 423 (66%) | 0.813 |
| African American | 226 (13%) | 116 (16%) | 0.057 | 98 (15%) | 101 (16%) | 0.817 |
| Admission from nursing home | 39 (2%) | 11 (2%) | 0.237 | 8 (1%) | 10 (2%) | 0.635 |
| Smoking history | 189 (11%) | 69 (10%) | 0.296 | 75 (12%) | 64 (10%) | 0.323 |
| Past medical history | ||||||
| Prior heart failure | 1495 (86%) | 621 (85%) | 0.582 | 546 (85%) | 547 (86%) | 0.937 |
| Hypertension | 1260 (72%) | 590 (81%) | <0.001 | 517 (81%) | 508 (79%) | 0.529 |
| Coronary artery disease | 592 (34%) | 336 (46%) | <0.001 | 293 (46%) | 276 (43%) | 0.339 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 193 (11%) | 134 (18%) | <0.001 | 107 (17%) | 101 (16%) | 0.649 |
| Coronary revascularization | 268 (15%) | 189 (26%) | <0.001 | 147 (23%) | 146 (23%) | 0.947 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 661 (38%) | 328 (45%) | 0.001 | 256 (40%) | 274 (43%) | 0.307 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 299 (17%) | 120 (16%) | 0.652 | 101 (16%) | 104 (16%) | 0.819 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 216 (12%) | 100 (14%) | 0.383 | 83 (13%) | 90 (14%) | 0.567 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 562 (32%) | 289 (40%) | 0.001 | 237 (37%) | 246 (38%) | 0.604 |
| Ventricular arrhythmia | 32 (2%) | 14 (2%) | 0.895 | 12 (2%) | 13 (2%) | 0.840 |
| Implantable cardioverter defibrillator | 10 (1%) | 9 (1%) | 0.088 | 6 (1%) | 7 (1%) | 0.780 |
| Biventricular pacemaker | 20 (1%) | 11 (2%) | 0.467 | 8 (1%) | 10 (2%) | 0.635 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 529 (30%) | 173 (24%) | 0.001 | 151 (24%) | 159 (25%) | 0.602 |
| Asthma | 77 (4%) | 35 (5%) | 0.687 | 28 (4%) | 26 (4%) | 0.781 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 130 (8%) | 56 (8%) | 0.864 | 51 (8%) | 50 (8%) | 0.917 |
| Anemia | 343 (20%) | 150 (21%) | 0.636 | 132 (21%) | 135 (21%) | 0.836 |
| Depression | 200 (12%) | 75 (10%) | 0.379 | 75 (12%) | 69 (11%) | 0.596 |
| Signs and Symptoms on Admission | ||||||
| Dyspnea at rest | 768 (44%) | 307 (42%) | 0.341 | 276 (43%) | 271 (42%) | 0.778 |
| Dyspnea on exertion | 1041 (60%) | 461 (63%) | 0.123 | 403 (63%) | 395 (62%) | 0.644 |
| Orthopnea | 369 (21%) | 192 (26%) | 0.006 | 159 (25%) | 160 (25%) | 0.948 |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | 178 (10%) | 115 (16%) | <0.001 | 84 (13%) | 91 (14%) | 0.569 |
| Chest pain | 317 (18%) | 172 (24%) | 0.002 | 151 (24%) | 142 (22%) | 0.549 |
| JVP elevation | 410 (24%) | 191 (26%) | 0.169 | 168 (26%) | 158 (25%) | 0.521 |
| Third heart sound | 99 (6%) | 36 (5%) | 0.449 | 37 (6%) | 31 (5%) | 0.455 |
| Pulmonary rales | 1054 (61%) | 460 (63%) | 0.256 | 413 (65%) | 396 (62%) | 0.324 |
| Peripheral edema | 1192 (69%) | 461 (63%) | 0.010 | 414 (65%) | 406 (63%) | 0.641 |
| Discharge medications | ||||||
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs | 913 (53%) | 448 (61%) | <0.001 | 391 (61%) | 387 (61%) | 0.819 |
| Aldosterone antagonists | 109 (6%) | 55 (8%) | 0.247 | 52 (8%) | 48 (8%) | 0.677 |
| Digoxin | 358 (21%) | 153 (21%) | 0.830 | 132 (21%) | 133 (21%) | 0.945 |
| Loop diuretics | 1373 (79%) | 582 (80%) | 0.648 | 506 (79%) | 507 (79%) | 0.945 |
| Hydralazine | 49 (3%) | 39 (5%) | 0.002 | 28 (4%) | 31 (5%) | 0.689 |
| Nitrates | 342 (20%) | 205 (28%) | <0.001 | 168 (26%) | 168 (26%) | 1.000 |
| Amlodipine | 164 (9%) | 96 (13%) | 0.006 | 71 (11%) | 81 (13%) | 0.388 |
| Other calcium channel blockers | 426 (25%) | 119 (16%) | <0.001 | 112 (18%) | 113 (18%) | 0.941 |
| Antiarrhythmics | 184 (11%) | 46 (6%) | 0.001 | 35 (6%) | 42 (7%) | 0.411 |
| Warfarin | 406 (23%) | 237 (33%) | <0.001 | 185 (29%) | 194 (30%) | 0.582 |
| Aspirin | 657 (38%) | 341 (47%) | <0.001 | 292 (46%) | 284 (44%) | 0.653 |
| Other antiplatelet drugs | 191 (11%) | 120 (16%) | <0.001 | 99 (16%) | 91 (14%) | 0.529 |
| Statins | 390 (22%) | 274 (38%) | <0.001 | 216 (34%) | 219 (34%) | 0.859 |
| In-hospital events | ||||||
| Coronary angiography | 77 (4%) | 62 (9%) | <0.001 | 45 (7%) | 45 (7%) | 1.000 |
| Clinical findings | ||||||
| Discharge heart rate (bpm) | 83 (11) | 82 (11) | 0.018 | 82 (10) | 82 (11) | 0.892 |
| Discharge systolic BP (mm Hg) | 129 (21) | 131 (22) | 0.040 | 132 (21) | 131 (22) | 0.666 |
| Discharge diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 67 (12) | 69 (13) | <0.001 | 69 (12) | 69 (13) | 0.687 |
| Discharge creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.6 (1.4) | 1.9 (1.7) | <0.001 | 1.8 (1.8) | 1.8 (1.6) | 0.913 |
| Admission hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.0 (4) | 11.6 (2) | 0.046 | 11.7 (2) | 11.7 (2) | 0.642 |
| Admission sodium (mEq/L) | 137 (11) | 137 (10) | 0.509 | 137 (10) | 137 (10) | 0.934 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 59.2 (8) | 58.6 (7) | 0.028 | 59.0 (7) | 58.7 (7) | 0.481 |
| Length of stay (days) | 6 (5) | 6 (5) | 0.305 | 6 (5) | 6 (5) | 0.103 |
| Hospital capacity (beds) | 395 (251) | 395 (231) | 0.967 | 408 (261) | 402 (231) | 0.640 |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||||
| Region | ||||||
| Midwest | 552 (32%) | 228 (31%) | <0.001 | 208 (33%) | 207 (32%) | 0.976 |
| Northeast | 196 (11%) | 173 (24%) | 129 (20%) | 125 (20%) | ||
| South | 615 (35%) | 195 (27%) | 181 (28%) | 180 (28%) | ||
| West | 377 (22%) | 134 (18%) | 122 (19%) | 128 (20%) | ||
| Academic center | 734 (42%) | 355 (49%) | 0.003 | 303 (47%) | 307 (48%) | 0.823 |
| Transplant center | 294 (17%) | 117 (16%) | 0.597 | 112 (18%) | 108 (17%) | 0.589 |
| Interventional center | 1328 (76%) | 557 (76%) | 0.991 | 508 (79%) | 496 (78%) | 0.415 |
ACE=angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB=angiotensin receptor blocker; bpm=beats per minute; BP=blood pressure