Table 1.
Characteristics of mothers-child pairs in total sample and stratified by maternal pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (OWO)
| Total sample | Maternal OWO status | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-OWO | OWO | |||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| N | 903 | 426 | 477 | - |
| Maternal age (years) | 28.28 (6.59) | 27.08 (6.54) | 29.35 (6.45) | < 0.001 |
| Maternal race | < 0.001 | |||
| Black | 641 (71.0) | 280 (65.7) | 361 (75.7) | |
| White | 51 (5.7) | 24 (5.6) | 27 (5.7) | |
| Hispanic | 211 (23.4) | 122 (28.6) | 89 (18.7) | |
| Maternal body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.95 (6.46) | 21.98 (2.01) | 31.40 (5.79) | - |
| Alcohol drinking during pregnancy | 75 (8.3) | 29 (7.0) | 46 (10.0) | 0.124 |
| Ever smoking during pregnancy | 164 (18.2) | 65 (15.3) | 99 (20.8) | 0.033 |
| Maternal education level (> high school) | 304 (33.7) | 150 (35.2) | 154 (32.3) | 0.346 |
| Child’s characteristics | ||||
| Gender (male) | 478 (52.9) | 231 (54.2) | 247 (51.8) | 0.463 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 38.62 (2.47) | 38.75 (2.13) | 38.47 (2.77) | 0.100 |
| Parity (> = 1 live birth) | 500 (55.4) | 203 (47.7) | 297 (62.3) | < 0.001 |
| Birthweight (g) | 3128 (666) | 3115 (587) | 3140 (729) | 0.572 |
| OWO at age 1–18 yearsa | 571 (63.2) | 233 (54.7) | 338 (70.8) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity at age 1–18 yearsb | 390 (43.2) | 155 (36.4) | 235 (49.3) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity at age 2–5 years | 282 (31.2) | 108 (25.4) | 174 (36.5) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity at age 6–11 years | 311 (34.4) | 111 (26.1) | 200 (41.9) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity at age 12–18 years | 287 (31.8) | 101 (23.7) | 186 (39.0) | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD, or number (%)
aChildren who were defined as OWO (body mass index ≥ the 85th percentile of age and gender) at any of the ages from 1 to 18 years
bChildren who were defined as obesity (body mass index ≥ the 95th percentile of age and gender) at any of the ages from 1 to 18 years