Table 1.
General Characteristics of the selected studies (n = 142)
| Characters | Categories | Subcategories | n | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year of publish |
Before 2000 (n = 2) |
1996 | 1 | 0.7 |
| 2000 | 1 | 0.7 | ||
|
From 2001 to 2010 (n = 15) |
2003 | 1 | 0.7 | |
| 2007 | 2 | 1.4 | ||
| 2008 | 2 | 1.4 | ||
| 2009 | 2 | 1.4 | ||
| 2010 | 8 | 5.6 | ||
|
From 2011 to 2020 (n = 109) |
2011 | 6 | 4.2 | |
| 2012 | 14 | 9.9 | ||
| 2013 | 8 | 5.6 | ||
| 2014 | 14 | 9.9 | ||
| 2015 | 7 | 4.9 | ||
| 2016 | 10 | 7.0 | ||
| 2017 | 8 | 5.6 | ||
| 2018 | 20 | 14.1 | ||
| 2019 | 15 | 10.6 | ||
| 2020 | 7 | 4.9 | ||
|
From 2021 to 2022 (n = 16) |
2021 | 10 | 7.0 | |
| 2022 | 6 | 4.2 | ||
| Nation of sample |
North America (n = 79) |
USA | 62 | 43.7 |
| Canada | 17 | 12.0 | ||
| USA/Botswana | 1 | 0.7 | ||
|
South America (n = 6) |
Brazil | 4 | 2.8 | |
| Colombia | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Peru | 1 | 0.7 | ||
|
Europe (n = 24) |
UK | 10 | 7.0 | |
| Germany | 2 | 1.4 | ||
| Switzerland | 2 | 1.4 | ||
| Switzerland/ Germany | 2 | 1.4 | ||
| Sweden | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Denmark | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Finland | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Ireland | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Italy | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Netherland | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Portuguese | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Slovakia | 1 | 0.7 | ||
|
Asia (n = 4) |
South Korea | 1 | 0.7 | |
| China, Congo, Croatia, India, Turkey | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Japan | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Malaysia | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Oceania | Australia | 5 | 3.5 | |
| Africa | Kenna | 1 | 0.7 | |
| Not described | 22 | 15.5 | ||
| Study design |
Experimental/Cohort study (n = 76) |
RCT/experimental study | 33 | 23.2 |
| Quasi experimental study (including one group) | 18 | 12.7 | ||
| Observational/Case/Cohort study | 25 | 17.6 | ||
| Developmental study(n = 58) | Measurement developmental study | 27 | 19.0 | |
| Scenario developmental study | 16 | 11.3 | ||
| Program (Simulation) developmental study | 15 | 10.6 | ||
| Others(n = 8) | Mixed methods | 1 | 0.7 | |
| Non categories | 7 | 4.9 | ||
| Typology of simulation | Standardized patient/participant(n = 10) | SP | 9 | 6.3 |
| SP + peer to peer (role play) | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Computer-based training(n = 30) | Computer based simulation | 2 | 0.7 | |
| Computer based simulation (App) | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Computer based simulation (Haptic-enabled hand) | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Web based simulation | 5 | 3.5 | ||
| Web based simulation + High-fidelity simulation | 2 | 1.4 | ||
| Web based simulation + Video based simulation | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Video based simulation | 17 | 20.2 | ||
| Audio simulation | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Advanced patient simulator(n = 92) | High-fidelity simulation | 75 | 52.5 | |
| High-fidelity simulation + SP | 4 | 2.8 | ||
| High-fidelity/Mid-fidelity/Low-fidelity simulation/SP | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| High-fidelity simulation + OSCE | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| High-fidelity simulation + Video based simulation | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| High-fidelity simulation + VR simulation + SP | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Low-fidelity simulation | 3 | 2.1 | ||
| Low-fidelity simulation + OSCE | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Manikin based simulation | 4 | 2.8 | ||
| Manikin based simulation + OSCEs | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Virtual reality | VR simulation | 4 | 2.8 | |
| OSCE | OSCEs | 2 | 1.4 | |
| Peer to Peer | peer to peer (role play) | 3 | 2.1 |
Footnotes: App, application; OSCE, objective structured clinical examination; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SP, standardized patient; VR, virtual reality