Table 2.

Nanoparticle of lymph node imaging and identification

Nanoplatform	Nanoparticle size	Imaging methodology	Imaging sites	Imaging agents	A.R	Encapsulation/Coating/Component	Features	Ref.
Liposomes	33 nm	γ-camera imaging	Regional lymph nodes	99mTc	s.c	/	Lymphatic scintigraphy	[103]
Liposomes	136 nm	γ-camera imaging	Popliteal nodes	99mTc	s.c	Biotin; Avidin	The delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs, vaccine antigens, and biologic agents to lymph nodes	[104]
Liposomes	115.3–148.9 nm	γ-camera imaging	Sentinel lymph nodes	99mTc Blue dye	s.c	Blue dye; Glutathione; Biotin	Lymphatic scintigraphy and intraoperative lymph node identification	[105]
PAMAM Dendrimers	/	MRI-FI	Sentinel lymph nodes	GdIII-DTPA Cy5.5	s.c	/	Magnetic resonance and optical imaging of the lymphatic system	[108]
PAMAM -G6 Dendrimers	9 nm	MR	Sentinel lymph nodes	GdIII	Peritumoral injection	/	Localization of sentinel lymph nodes in human breast cancer	[109]
Quantum Dots	10 nm	FI	Sentinel lymph nodes	NIR QDs	s.c	Oligomeric phosphine	Direct visual guidance throughout the entire SLN mapping procedure	[113]
Quantum Dots	15 nm	FI	Sentinel lymph nodes	NIR QDs	s.c	InAsxP1-x/InP/ZnSe	NIR Sentinel lymph node mapping	[114]
Microbubbles	50–100 nm	Contrast-enhanced ultrasound	Sentinel lymph nodes	Microbubbles	i.d	Sulfur hexafluoride	Sentinel lymph node identification in early-stage breast cancer	[119]
Nanocarbon	/	Endoscopy	Sentinel lymph nodes	Nanocarbon suspension	Intrathyroid injection	/	Clear lymph node clearance in PTC patients; Decrease in parathyroid damage	[123]
Nanocarbon	150 nm	Endoscopy	Lymph nodes	Nanocarbon suspension	Submucosal injection	/	Tracking lymph node metastases of colorectal cancer	[124]
Nanoparticles	/	PET/CT MRI	Lymph nodes	68 Ga-PSMA Ferumoxtran-10	i.v	PSMA Ferumoxtran-10	Diagnosis of Lymph Node Metastases in Prostate Cancer Patients	[125]
Nanotracer agents	7 nm	γ-camera imaging	Sentinel lymph nodes	99mTc	i.d	Mannose DTPA	Melanoma Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping	[128]
Ultrasmall silica NPs	10 nm	PET-FI	Sentinel lymph nodes	124I Cy5/Cy5.5	s.c	PEG; CRGDY NIR dyes	Detection of tumor-carrying lymph nodes in the intraoperative setting	[129]