Table 2.
Associations with HSV-1 and HSV-2 seropositivity
| Characteristics | Anti-HSV-1 positive | Anti-HSV-2 positive | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable regression analysis | Multivariable regression analysis | Univariable regression analysis | Multivariable regression analysis | |||||||
| ORa (95% CIa) | p value | F test p valueb |
AORa (95% CIa) | p valuec | ORa (95% CIa) | p value | F test p valueb |
AORa (95% CIa) | p valuec | |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| ≤ 29 | 1.00 | 0.218 | – | – | 1.00 | 0.027 | 1.00 | |||
| 30–39 | 1.19 (0.92–1.53) | 0.210 | – | – | 1.29 (0.94–1.78) | 0.120 | 1.36 (0.97–1.89) | 0.076 | ||
| 40–49 | 1.43 (0.99–1.95) | 0.053 | – | – | 1.52 (1.06–2.17) | 0.023 | 1.55 (1.06–2.26) | 0.020 | ||
| 50–59 | 1.25 (0.80–1.96) | 0.317 | – | – | 1.71 (1.06–2.76) | 0.029 | 1.77 (1.07–2.94) | 0.028 | ||
| 60+ | 1.59 (0.64–3.96) | 0.363 | – | – | 2.87 (1.35–6.11) | 0.006 | 2.79 (1.25–6.24) | 0.012 | ||
| Nationality | ||||||||||
| All other nationalitiesd | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | ||||
| Bangladeshi | 0.51 (0.25–1.05) | 0.066 | 0.36 (0.17–0.77) | 0.009 | 0.41 (0.27–0.62) | < 0.001 | 0.35 (0.22–0.54) | < 0.001 | ||
| Egyptian | 1.36 (0.35–5.39) | 0.659 | 1.66 (0.41–6.74) | 0.475 | 0.25 (0.10–0.61) | 0.002 | 0.21 (0.08–0.57) | 0.002 | ||
| Filipino | 0.15 (0.06–0.35) | < 0.001 | 0.20 (0.08–0.49) | < 0.001 | 0.29 (0.12–0.73) | 0.009 | 0.33 (0.13–0.84) | 0.021 | ||
| Indian | 0.13 (0.06–0.25) | < 0.001 | 0.11 (0.05–0.23) | < 0.001 | 0.47 (0.32–0.70) | < 0.001 | 0.41 (0.27–0.62) | < 0.001 | ||
| Nepalese | 0.44 (0.21–0.91) | 0.026 | 0.31 (0.14–0.66) | 0.003 | 0.26 (0.17–0.42) | < 0.001 | 0.23 (0.14–0.37) | < 0.001 | ||
| Pakistani | 0.54 (0.21–1.36)) | 0.188 | 0.37 (0.14–0.96) | 0.041 | 0.32 (0.16–0.64) | 0.001 | 0.26 (0.13–0.55) | 0.002 | ||
| Sri Lankan | 0.07 (0.03–0.15) | < 0.001 | 0.06 (0.03–0.12) | < 0.001 | 0.37 (0.18–0.72) | 0.004 | 0.32 (0.16–0.64) | < 0.001 | ||
| QRCS center (catchment area within Qatar) | ||||||||||
| Fereej Abdel Aziz (Doha-East) | 1.00 | 0.377 | – | – | 1.00 | 0.239 | – | – | ||
| Hemaila (South-West; “Industrial Area”) | 1.24 (0.95–1.61) | 0.118 | – | – | 1.27 (0.91–1.76) | 0.160 | – | – | ||
| Mesaimeer (Doha-South) | 1.05 (0.52–2.14) | 0.892 | – | – | 1.26 (0.89–1.78) | 0.185 | – | – | ||
| Zekreet (North-West) | 1.24 (0.94–1.65) | 0.113 | – | – | 1.76 (0.83–3.74) | 0.142 | – | – | ||
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||
| Primary or lower | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.054 | 1.00 | ||||
| Intermediate | 0.98 (0.66–1.46) | 0.906 | 1.09 (0.71–1.65) | 701 | 0.72 (0.49–1.06) | 0.100 | 0.74 (0.49–1.09) | 0.833 | ||
| Secondary/High school/Vocational | 0.54 (0.40–0.73) | < 0.001 | 0.68 (0.49–0.94) | 0.018 | 0.83 (0.62–1.12) | 0.219 | 0.77 (0.57–0.92) | 0.012 | ||
| University | 0.30 (0.21–0.43) | < 0.001 | 0.34 (0.22–0.52) | < 0.001 | 0.61 (0.39–0.96) | 0.032 | 0.43 (0.28–0.76) | < 0.001 | ||
| Occupation | ||||||||||
| Professional workerse | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.251 | – | – | |||
| Food & beverage workers | 2.02 (0.98–3.93) | 0.056 | 0.89 (0.42–1.90) | 0.770 | 1.43 (0.55–3.73) | 0.469 | – | – | ||
| Administration workers | 1.27 (0.68–2.37) | 0.452 | 0.83 (0.42–1.66) | 0.602 | 0.29 (0.06–1.44) | 0.129 | – | – | ||
| Retail workers | 3.33 (1.84–6.02) | < 0.001 | 2.03 (1.06–3.90) | 0.034 | 1.47 (0.65–3.33) | 0.353 | – | – | ||
| Transport workers | 2.10 (1.34–3.30) | 0.001 | 1.21 (0.71–3.70) | 0.483 | 1.63 (0.80–3.34) | 0.182 | – | – | ||
| Cleaning workers | 4.28 (2.03–9.01) | < 0.001 | 1.61 (0.70–3.67) | 0.261 | 1.05 (0.40–2.78) | 0.920 | – | – | ||
| Technical and construction workersf | 3.15 (3.09–4.73) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (0.90–2.40) | 0.123 | 1.54 (0.78–3.02) | 0.212 | – | – | ||
| Security workers | 8.05 (2.56–25.43) | < 0.001 | 2.05 (0.61–6.91) | 0.245 | 1.40 (0.49–4.00) | 0.534 | – | – | ||
| Other workersg | 3.15 (1.77–5.59) | < 0.001 | 1.45 (0.76–2.79) | 0.259 | 1.83 (0.84–4.01) | 0.131 | – | – | ||
AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1; HSV-2, herpes simplex virus type 2; OR, odds ratio; QRCS, Qatar Red Crescent Society
aEstimates weighted by age, nationality, and QRCS center
bCovariates with p value ≤ 0.2 in the univariable analysis were included in the multivariable analysis
cCovariates with p value ≤ 0.05 in the multivariable analysis were considered to provide statistically significant evidence for an association with antibody positivity
dIncludes all other nationalities of craft and manual workers residing in Qatar
eIncludes architects, designers, engineers, operation managers, and supervisors among other professions
fIncludes carpenters, construction workers, crane operators, electricians, foremen, maintenance/air conditioning/cable technicians, masons, mechanics, painters, pipe-fitters, plumbers, and welders among other professions
gIncludes barbers, firefighters, gardeners, farmers, fishermen, and physical fitness trainers among other professions