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. 2023 Aug 22;21:288. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02060-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — RBCs as APCs promote immune memory and epitope spreading, and harness endogenous T cells. a mice with EG7.OVA tumors were first treated with naïve OT-1 cells, and dosed with mRBC-OVA-4-1BBL-IL-12. Then the survivors were rechallenged on day 66 with EG7.OVA. The control group chose age-matched naïve mice treated on day 65 with OT-1 cells 1 day before challenge with EG7.OVA cells. b All previously cured mice rejected EG7.OVA rechallenge. c OT-1 and endogenous OVA-specific T cells both expressed in peripheral blood 10 days after EG7.OVA rechallenge. d, e OT-1 and endogenous OVA-specific T-cell numbers in peripheral blood were significantly high expression 10 days after rechallenge. f–h mRBC-OVA-4-1BBL-IL12 promotes epitope spreading.

Reprint with permission from [61]