Table 6.

Subthemes

Nonverbal communication	Verbal communication	Communication Strategies	Patient-centred Outcomes
• Comfort touch [31] • Active listening [35] • Touching [35] • Smiling [32] • Gaze [32] • Eyebrow movement [32] • Head nod [32] • Handshakes [32] • Nurse-aide-initiated communication [33] • Emotional support [33] • Effective nonverbal communication [37]	• Verbal communication [32, 34, 36] • Biomedical and psychosocial information [32] • Positive talk [32] • Lifestyle discussion [32] • Rapport building [32] • Mutual respect [35] • Equity [35] • Conflict resolution [35]	• Tailored intervention [36] • Telephone communication [36] • Participatory approach [34] • Curated story [34]	• Well-being [31] • Self-esteem [31] • Health status [31] • Social processes [31] • Life satisfaction [31] • Self-actualisation [31] • Self-responsibility [31] • Patient satisfaction [32, 36] • Increased awareness of COPD effects [36] • Improved health literacy [34] • Presenting problems [32] • Mental health [32] • Physical health [32] • Adherence to providers’ recommendations [37] • Improved quality of care [37] • Shorter hospital stays [37]