Table 2.
Socio-demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of respondents and prevalence of abnormal birthweight (N = 356)
| Background characteristics | Frequency distribution | Bivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Proportion | Low birthweight | Macrosomia | Normal birthweight | p value† | |
| n | % | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Age group of mothersa | ||||||
| < 20 years of age | 18 | 5.1 | 7 (8.9) | 1 (3.2) | 10 (4.1) | 0.430 |
| 20–35 years of age | 308 | 86.5 | 67 (84.8) | 28 (90.3) | 213 (86.6) | |
| > 35 years of age | 30 | 8.4 | 5 (6.3) | 2 (6.5) | 23 (9.3) | |
| Mean = 27.25, sd = 5.44 | ||||||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 319 | 89.6 | 68 (86.1) | 27 (87.1) | 224 (91.1) | 0.454 |
| Divorced/Widowed | 7 | 2.0 | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.6) | |
| Single | 30 | 8.4 | 8 (10.1) | 4 (12.9) | 18 (7.3) | |
| Educational level | ||||||
| No education | 121 | 34.0 | 25 (31.7) | 11 (35.5) | 85 (34.5) | 0.414 |
| Primary school | 46 | 12.9 | 15 (19.0) | 4 (12.9) | 27 (11.0) | |
| Junior high school | 46 | 12.9 | 14 (17.7) | 5 (16.1) | 27 (11.0) | |
| Senior high school | 105 | 29.5 | 17 (21.5) | 8 (25.8) | 80 (32.5) | |
| University/graduate school | 38 | 10.7 | 8 (10.1) | 3 (9.7) | 27 (11.0) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Dagomba/Mamprusi | 273 | 76.7 | 56 (70.9) | 22 (70.9) | 195 (79.3) | 0.007* |
| Frafra/Grusi | 60 | 16.8 | 22 (27.8) | 7 (22.6) | 31 (12.6) | |
| Others†† | 23 | 6.5 | 1 (1.3) | 2 (6.5) | 20 (8.1) | |
| Religion | ||||||
| Christianity | 44 | 12.4 | 15 (19.0) | 6 (19.4) | 23 (9.4) | 0.036* |
| Islamism | 312 | 87.6 | 64 (81.0) | 25 (80.6) | 223 (90.6) | |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Unemployed | 142 | 39.9 | 29 (36.7) | 10 (32.3) | 103 (41.8) | 0.354 |
| Self-employed | 181 | 50.8 | 46 (58.2) | 17 (54.8) | 118 (48.0) | |
| Public/civil servant | 33 | 9.3 | 4 (5.1) | 4 (12.9) | 25 (10.2) | |
| Household fuel | ||||||
| Firewood | 148 | 41.6 | 30 (37.9) | 7 (22.6) | 111 (45.1) | 0.004* |
| Charcoal | 162 | 45.5 | 42 (53.2) | 14 (45.2) | 106 (43.1) | |
| Gas | 46 | 12.9 | 7 (8.9) | 10 (32.2) | 29 (11.8) | |
| Wealth quintilesb | ||||||
| Poorest | 72 | 20.2 | 14 (17.7) | 3 (9.7) | 55 (22.4) | < 0.001* |
| Poorer | 75 | 21.0 | 24 (30.4) | 2 (6.4) | 49 (19.9) | |
| Middle | 70 | 19.7 | 24 (30.4) | 2 (6.4) | 44 (17.9) | |
| Richer | 70 | 19.7 | 13 (16.4) | 6 (19.4) | 51 (20.7) | |
| Richest | 69 | 19.4 | 4 (5.1) | 18 (58.1) | 47 (19.1) | |
| Household sizeb | ||||||
| < 10 persons | 283 | 79.5 | 71 (89.9) | 25 (80.6) | 187 (76.0) | 0.029* |
| ≥ 10 persons | 73 | 20.5 | 8 (10.1) | 6 (19.4) | 59 (24.0) | |
| Mean = 9.83, sd = 4.79 | ||||||
| Age group of neonates | ||||||
| < 7 days | 106 | 29.8 | 24 (30.4) | 10 (32.3) | 72 (29.3) | 0.935 |
| 8–28 days | 250 | 70.2 | 55 (69.6) | 21 (67.7) | 174 (70.7) | |
| Mean = 6.12, sd = 2.93 | ||||||
| Sex of neonates | ||||||
| Male | 200 | 56.2 | 52 (65.8) | 18 (58.1) | 130 (52.8) | 0.126 |
| Female | 156 | 43.8 | 27 (34.2) | 13 (41.9) | 116 (47.2) | |
| Birthweight (BW) | n | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low birthweight (< 2500 g) | 79 | 22.2 | 17.9–26.9% |
| Macrosomia (≥ 4000 g) | 31 | 8.7 | 4.9–12.1% |
| Normal BW (≥ 2500–3999 g) | 246 | 69.1 | 64.0–73.8% |
| Mean = 2890, sd = 620 |