Table 4.
Obstetric and clinical characteristics of respondents (N = 356)
| Background characteristics | Frequency distribution | Bivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Proportion | Low birthweight | Macrosomia | Normal birthweight | p value† | |
| n | % | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Gravidity | ||||||
| Primigravida (0–1 pregnancy) | 88 | 24.7 | 18 (22.8) | 4 (12.9) | 66 (26.8) | 0.215 |
| Multigravida (≥ 2 pregnancies) | 268 | 75.3 | 61 (77.2) | 27 (87.1) | 180 (73.2) | |
| Parity | ||||||
| Primipara (0–1 delivery) | 97 | 27.3 | 21 (26.9) | 4 (12.9) | 72 (29.3) | 0.154 |
| Multipara (≥ 2 deliveries) | 259 | 72.7 | 58 (73.4) | 27 (87.1) | 174 (70.7) | |
| Gestational age at birth | ||||||
| Preterm (< 37 weeks) | 69 | 19.4 | 29 (36.7) | 3 (9.7) | 37 (15.0) | < 0.001* |
| Normal term (37–41 weeks) | 264 | 74.1 | 48 (60.8) | 18 (58.1) | 198 (80.5) | |
| Post-term (≥ 42 weeks) | 23 | 6.5 | 2 (2.5) | 10 (32.3) | 11 (4.5) | |
| Birth order | ||||||
| First child | 97 | 27.3 | 21 (26.6) | 4 (12.9) | 72 (29.3) | 0.154 |
| Second or more child | 259 | 72.7 | 58 (73.4) | 27 (87.1) | 174 (70.7) | |
| Knowledge levela | ||||||
| Inadequate | 182 | 51.1 | 49 (60.0) | 17 (54.8) | 116 (47.1) | 0.065 |
| Adequate | 174 | 48.9 | 30 (40.0) | 14 (45.2) | 130 (52.9) | |
| First-trimester haemoglobin (Hb) levels | ||||||
| Anaemia /Low Hb (< 11 g/dL) | 160 | 44.9 | 67 (84.8) | 0 (0.00) | 93 (37.8) | < 0.001* |
| Normal Hb (≥ 11–13.1 g/dL) | 177 | 49.7 | 12 (15.2) | 22 (71.0) | 143 (58.!) | |
| Polycythaemia (≥ 13.2 g/dL) | 19 | 5.4 | 0 (0.00) | 9 (29.0) | 10 (4.1) | |
| Second-trimester haemoglobin levels | ||||||
| Anaemia | 200 | 56.2 | 76 (96.2) | 4 (12.9) | 120 (48.8) | < 0.001* |
| Normal Hb | 152 | 42.7 | 3 (3.8) | 25 (80.6) | 124 (50.4) | |
| Polycythaemia | 4 | 1.1 | 0 (0.00) | 2 (6.5) | 2 (0.8) | |
| Third-trimester haemoglobin levels | ||||||
| Anaemia | 158 | 44.4 | 75 (94.9) | 1 (3.2) | 82 (33.3) | < 0.001* |
| Normal Hb | 192 | 53.9 | 4 (5.1) | 28 (90.3) | 160 (65.0) | |
| Polycythaemia | 6 | 1.7 | 0 (0.00) | 2 (6.5) | 4 (1.6) | |
| Malaria episode during pregnancy | ||||||
| No episode | 254 | 71.3 | 48 (60.8) | 24 (77.4) | 182 (74.0) | 0.057 |
| Episode | 102 | 28.7 | 31 (39.2) | 7 (22.6) | 64 (26.0) | |
| Gestational diabetes | ||||||
| Without diabetes | 335 | 94.1 | 79 (100.0) | 26 (83.9) | 230 (93.5) | 0.002* |
| With diabetes | 21 | 5.9 | 0 (0.00) | 5 (16.1) | 16 (6.5) | |
| Hypertension (HPT) status | ||||||
| Without HPT | 312 | 87.6 | 68 (86.1) | 22 (72.0) | 222 (90.2) | 0.008* |
| With HPT | 44 | 12.4 | 11 (13.9) | 9 (29.0) | 24 (9.8) | |
| Syphilis infection (n = 345) | ||||||
| Without syphilis | 342 | 99.1 | 78 (98.7) | 30 (96.8) | 234 (99.6) | 0.262 |
| With syphilis | 3 | 0.9 | 1 (1.3) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (0.4) | |
| HIV infection | ||||||
| Without HIV | 350 | 98.3 | 79 (100.0) | 31 (100.0) | 240 (97.6) | 0.256 |
| With HIV | 6 | 1.7 | 0 (0.00) | 0.(0.00) | 6 (2.4) | |
| Hepatitis B infection | ||||||
| Without hepatitis B | 318 | 89.3 | 67 (84.8) | 28 (90.3) | 223 (90.6) | 0.337 |
| With hepatitis B | 38 | 10.7 | 12 (15.2) | 3 (9.7) | 23 (9.4) | |
| Sickle cell status | ||||||
| Without sickle cell | 301 | 84.5 | 65 (82.3) | 28 (90.3) | 208 (84.5) | 0.576 |
| With sickle cell | 55 | 15.5 | 14 (17.7) | 3 (9.7) | 38 (15.5) | |
| Blood rhesus type (n = 343) | ||||||
| Rhesus negative | 53 | 15.5 | 13 (16.5) | 1 (3.2) | 39 (16.7) | 0.142 |
| Rhesus positive | 290 | 84.5 | 66 (83.5) | 30 (96.8) | 194 (83.3) | |
| G6PD status | ||||||
| Normal | 333 | 93.5 | 71 (89.9) | 30 (96.8) | 232 (94.3) | 0.282 |
| Complete/partial | 23 | 6.5 | 8 (10.1) | 1 (3.2) | 14 (5.7) | |