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. 2023 Aug 22;21:286. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02013-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — The antitumor effects and ICD induction of NPs on 4T1 cells in vitro. (A) Cell viabilities of 4T1 cells after treatment with DTX, CA, Blank NPs, DTX/CA-Oxi-αCD NPs and DTX/FA-CA-Oxi-αCD NPs with various drug concentration for 48 h. (B) The intracellular concentration of DTX in 4T1 cells treated with DTX, Blank NPs, DTX/CA-Oxi-αCD NPs and DTX/FA-CA-Oxi-αCD NPs for 48 h. The controls were treated with cell culture medium. (C) The CLSM images of CRT expression in 4T1 cells after different treatments. Scale bar represents 20 μm. (D) The semi-quantitative analysis of CLSM of the CRT expression in 4T1 cells after different treatments. (E) The quantitative determination of HMGB1 release from 4T1 cells after different treatments with ELISA kit. (F) ATP secretion from 4T1 cells after different treatments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001, compared with FA-CA-Oxi-αCD NPs (n = 3)