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. 2023 Aug 22;21:286. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02013-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 9 — The antitumor ability of chemotherapy and immunotherapy combination therapy and the ability to stimulate antitumor immune responses in vivo. (A) Scheme illustration of the chemotherapy and immunotherapy combination treatment. (B) Tumor growth curves of mice after different treatments. (C) The tumor weight of mice in different treatment groups. (D) (a) Representative flow cytometric plots of CD8⁺ T cells and CD4⁺ T cells from mouse tumors after different treatments. (b) Representative flow cytometric plots of CD8⁺ T cells and CD4⁺ T cells from mouse splenocytes after different treatments. (E) Proportions of CD8⁺ T cells and CD4⁺ T cells from tumors or splenocytes were determined by flow cytometry after different treatments, respectively. (F) The immunohistochemical staining of CD8⁺ T and CD4⁺ T cells in mice tumors after different treatments. Brown regions indicate the presence of CD8⁺ T cells or CD4⁺ T cells. Scale bar represents 20 μm. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001, compared with DTX/FA-CA-Oxi-αCD NPs + anti-PD-1 antibody. ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001, compared with DTX/FA-CA-Oxi-αCD NPs