Table 3.

A summary of the studies included in this study.

FIRST AUTHOR (YEAR)COUNTRY, PERIOD OF STUDY	STUDY COVERAGE	SAMPLE SIZE AND POPULATION	INTERVENTION	COMPARISON	FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH WILLINGNESS	BARRIERS
Bylow (2019) Sweden, 2014–2016	BLS (CPR and AED)	1,231 Public in the community	Basic life support training intervention	To compare the effectiveness of two BLS training intervention, self-learning training or traditional instructor-led training	Training	Not applicable
Cheskes (2016) Canada, 1 week	CPR	428 Adults living in Canada	Not applicable	Chest-compression-only CPR (CCO-CPR) compared to traditional CPR with mouth-to-mouth (MTM) ventilations	Gender, type of CPR training	Lack of knowledge, fear of litigation, lack of skill confidence
Fan (2016) Hong Kong, 2 November–15 December 2015 (excluding Saturdays and public holidays)	AED	401 All pedestrians in the vicinity of a mass transit railway (MTR) station in six locations across different districts of Hong Kong	Not applicable	Comparison of first aiders with non–first aiders	Training	Not applicable
Hawkes (2019) United Kingdom, May 2017	CPR and PAD	2,084 UK adults	Not applicable	CCO-CPR, CPR, and Public Access Defibrillator (PAD) training	Age, gender, occupation, marital status, training, length of time since last training, confidence in performing CPR	Not applicable
Krammel (2018) Austria, August–September 2014	BLS (CPR and AED)	501 Residents of Vienna (Austria)	Not applicable	Comparison of gender and age-specific aspects of awareness and knowledge	Age, gender	Not applicable
Lee (2021) South Korea, February 2012, December 2016, and December 2018	AED	3,069 Daegu Metropolitan City, South Korea	Not applicable	973 in the 2012 survey (first group), 1,095 in the 2016 survey (second group), and 1,001 in the 2018 survey (third group)	Gender, length of time since last training, legal obligation, awareness of how to use an AED	Lack of knowledge, fear of litigation, injuring victim due to using AED, not interested in AED
Liaw (2020) Malaysia, February–November 2018	CPR and AED	184 Employees from UNIMAS, Malaysia	Training program on how to use the AED and perform CPR	To determine the effectiveness of the training program, to improve the perception of using AED and performing CPR (‘pre-test’ vs. ‘post-test’)	Training, perception, confidence behavior	Fear of disease transmission, injuring victim due to performing CPR, injuring own self due to performing CPR, injuring victim due to using AED, injuring own self due to using AED
Pei-Chuan Huang (2019) Taiwan, April–June 2013	CPR	1,073 Public in Taiwan	Not applicable	Not applicable	Gender, training, legal obligation	Fear of legal responsibilities, injuring victim due to performing CPR
Pei-Chuan Huang (2021) Taiwan, April–June 2013	AED	1,073 Public in Taiwan	Not applicable	Not applicable	Gender, training, attitude	Fear of legal responsibilities, lack of skill confidence, injuring victim due to using AED
Post (2019) United States	CPR and AED	769 Coaches of high school teams and club teams with high school-aged athletes in 3 sports (basketball, soccer, and volleyball)	High school coaches were required to undergo annual CPR/AED training	Emergency preparedness and training existed between coaches of high school teams and coaches of high school-aged club teams	Training	Not applicable
Qian (2021) People’s Republic of China, October–December 2020	BLS (CPR and AED)	2,812 Urban residents in Nantong City	None	Residents with first aid experience and residents without first aid experience	Age, education level, occupation, training	Fear of legal responsibilities, fear of disease transmission, injuring victim due to performing CPR, performing MTM artificial respiration, concern that peoples around them will complain, unwillingness to touch strangers
Shams (2016) Lebanon, 1 March–30 June 2015	CPR and AED	948 University students in Lebanon	Not applicable	Not applicable	Social grade, training, confidence in performing CPR	Lack of knowledge, fear of disease transmission, injuring victim due to performing CPR, poor hygiene of victim, presence of vomit or blood
Son (2017) South Korea, 3–14 February 2012	CPR and AED	1,000 Adults aged 19 years or above living in Daegu metropolitan city.	Not applicable	Type of CPR education, total no. of CPR education sessions attended, period from the last CPR education session, AED training included in CPR education	Age, gender, education level, type of CPR training, length of time since last training, number of times trained, confidence in performing CPR, legal obligation	Not applicable