Table 4.

Factors analysed in each of the included studies.

FACTORS		AUTHOR	FACTORS INFLUENCING WILLINGNESS TO PERFORM CPR/USE AN AED	STRENGTH OF ASSOCIATION/SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL
Socio-demographics
Age	Younger age	Hawkes et al. [24]	aged 18 to 34 years are less likely to phone EMS compared with those aged ≥35 years	– OR: 0.46 (95% CI: 0.30–0.69)
			aged 18 to 34 years were significant indicators had undergone any type of training and training in CPR, both in the past 5 years.	– OR 1.63 (95% CI: 1.27–2.08)
		Krammel et al. [25]	age <45 years are highest willingness to perform CPR compared to 45 years and above	– (<45: 40% vs. >45: 31%; OR: 0.72 [95% CI: 0.57 ± 0.92]; p = 0.027)
			age <45 years are highest willingness to use AED compared to 45 years and above	– (<45: 57% vs. >45: 54%; OR: 0.68 [95% CI: 0.54 ± 0.85]; p = 0.001)
		Qian et al. [31]	18–29 years	– 2.53 ± 0.52 (p < 0.001)
		Son et al. [33]	the rates of willingness to perform CPR decreased with older age	– 20 to 29 years (64.6%), 50 to 59 years (59.8%), 60 years or above (38.6%)
Gender	Male	Son et al. [33]	male respondents reported a willingness to perform CPR	– 67.5% among male respondents
		Lee et al. [26]	willingness to use AEDs were male	– AOR, 1.39 (95% CI: 1.10–1.75
		Pei-Chuan Huang et al. [28]	men were more likely to perform CPR than women	– OR: 2.34, p = 0.005
		Pei-Chuan Huang et al. [29]	men were more likely use AED	– OR: 2.37, p = 0.007
		Hawkes et al. [24]	women were less likely than men to go and get an AED, and use an AED	– go and get an AED (OR: 0.80) (95% CI: 0.66–0.97) – use an AED (OR: 0.63) (95% CI: 0.51–0.78)
		Krammel et al. [25]	female individuals reported a significantly lower willingness to initiate CPR and to use an AED device	– initiate CPR (male: 40% vs. female: 25%; OR: 2.03 [95% CI: 1.39 ± 2.98]; p < 0.001) – use an AED device (male: 58% vs. female: 44%; OR: 1.76 [95% CI: 1.26 ± 2.53]; p = 0.002)
	Women	Cheskes et al. [22]	women were more likely indicate a willingness to perform CPR	– OR: 2.3, 95% CI [1.4, 3.8]
Education Level	Higher education level	Son et al. [33]	college graduates or respondents with a higher level of education.	– 68.9% of 560 college graduates or respondents with a higher level of education (p < 0.001)
		Qian et al. [31]	postgraduate and above	– willingness to rescue 2.50±0.53 (p < 0.001) – willingness to rescue under professional guidance 2.83 ± 0.40 (p < 0.001) – willingness to rescue after learning BLS 2.73 ± 0.47 (p < 0.001)
Social grade/Occupation		Shams et al. [32]	earning higher income	– p = 0.009
		Hawkes et al. [24]	social grade A, B, or C1*	– OR: 1.70 (95% CI: 1.17–2.47)
		Qian et al. [31]	different type of occupation	– p < 0.0001
Marital status	Married	Hawkes et al. [24]	married or living as married is a predictive factor to perform CO-CPR, CPR and were more likely to go and get an AED	– perform CO-CPR (OR: 1.30) (95% CI: 1.07–1.57) – perform CPR (OR: 1.35) (95% CI: 1.10–1.66 – go and get an AED (OR: 1.4) (95% CI: 1.10–1.80
Training
Type of CPR training	Interest to participate in CPR training course and belief that the public should participate in CPR training courses	Pei-Chuan Huang et al. [28]	those who expressed interest in attending a course	– OR: 2.79, p = 0.001
			those who believed that the public should participate in CPR training courses	– OR: 2.84, p = 0.048
	Interest to participate in an AED training course and belief that the public should learn how to use AEDs	Pei-Chuan Huang et al. [29]	those who expressed interest to participate in a training course	– OR: 3.14, p = 0.001
			those who believed that the public should learn how to use AEDs	– OR: 5.06, p < 0.001
	Previous CPR training	Shams et al. [32]	previous CPR training were significant predictors of willingness to perform CPR in the event of a cardiac arrest	– OR: 1.627 (95% CI: 1.018–2.600) (p = 0.042)
	First aid experience and without first aid experience	Qian et al. [31]	those with first aid experience were more willing to attempt rescue than those without first aid experience	– 66.72% of 445 respondent with first aid experience were more willing to attempt rescue (p < 0.001)
	First aiders with and without AED training	Fan et al. [23]	those with AED training were also more likely to commence CPR and were more likely to try to locate an AED and apply it	– perform CPR (47.4% vs 8.0%, p < 0.001) – try to locate an AED (53.3% vs 17.4%, p < 0.001) – apply AED (41.6% vs 5.7%, p < 0.001)
	Instructor-led training and self-learning training	Bylow et al. [21]	instructor-led training resulted in a statistically significant higher total score, self-assessed knowledge, and willingness to act immediately compared to self-learning training	– median 61 vs 59, p < 0.0001
	Didactic plus practise group and didactic only group	Son et al. [33]	the rate of CPR willingness in the didactic plus practice group was significantly higher than that in the didactic only group	– 79.9% vs 63.9%
			didactic plus practise group found to be significantly associated with CPR willingness compared to didactic only group	– AOR: 3.38 (95% CI: 2.3-5.0)
	CCO-CPR and traditional CPR with MTM ventilation	Cheskes et al. [22]	the proportion of respondents willing to provide CCO-CPR was significantly greater than the proportion of respondents willing to perform traditional CPR with MTM ventilations	– the unknown OHCA victim (61.5% vs 39.7%, p < 0.001), stranger (55.1% vs 38.8%, p < 0.001) and unkempt/homeless individual (47.9% vs 28.5%, p < 0.001)
	High school coaches and club coaches	Post et al. [30]	high school coaches having greater levels of emergency preparedness for immediate medical care during practices and competitions than club sport coaches	– 58.6% high school coaches had trained in three categories CPR training, AED training or first-aid training compared with 23.9% of club coaches (X2 = 84.9, P < .001).
	CCO-CPR, CPR and PAD training	Hawkes et al. [24]	having ever trained in CPR (CO-CPR and/or CPR) was the most important factor in the willingness of an individual to call EMS	– OR 9.18 (95% CI: 4.39–19.23)
			having ever trained in CPR (CO-CPR and/or CPR) was the most important factor in the willingness of an individual to perform CPR	– OR: 5.39 (95% CI: 4.29–6.76)
			training in defibrillator use ever were the most significant predictive factors for an individual’s willingness to go and get or use an AED	– OR: 2.62 (95% CI: 1.71–4.01)
Length of time since last training		Lee et al. [26]	CPR training experience in the previous 2 years were associated with willingness to use AEDs	– AOR: 1.80 (95% CI: 1.43–2.28)
		Son et al. [33]	Interval of less than 6 months	– AOR was 4.47 (95% CI: 1.29-15.52) for intervals shorter than 6 months
			AED training was included in CPR education	– AOR for CPR willingness was 5.98 (95% CI: 2.30-15.53)
		Hawkes et al. [24]	training in CPR in the past 5 years	– OR: 1.37 (95% CI: 1.04–1.80)
			training in AED in the past 5 years	– OR: 2.26 (95% CI: 1.32–3.89) – use an AED 5.20 (95% CI: 3.07–8.82)
Number of times trained		Son et al. [33]	group receiving CPR education on 4 or more occasions	– AOR: 7.68 (95% CI: 3.21-18.35)
Attitude	Positive attitude	Pei-Chuan Huang et al. [29]	“belief that the public should learn how to use AEDs” were the independent factors associated with a higher willingness among bystanders to use AEDs	– OR: 5.06, p < 0.001
Perceived norms	Social pressure	Lee et al. [26]	perception of “awareness of how to use an AED”	– AOR: 4.40 (95% CI: 3.26–5.93)
		Liaw et al. [27]	perception of “using AED is important for unresponsive victims”	– z = 4.32, p < 0.001
			perception of “AED practice drills should be performed on a regular basis”	– z = – 2.41, p = 0.02
Self-efficacy	Perceptions of their capacity to engage in the behaviour with a predictable result	Shams et al. [32]	confident in one’s ability to apply an AED, or perform CPR.	– perform CPR (OR: 1.93) (95% CI: 1.285–2.898) (p = 0.002) – apply an AED (OR: 1.761) (95% CI: 1.021–3.036) (p = 0.042)
		Son et al. [33]	confidence in performing CPR	– 95.3% of 85 respondents (p < 0.001)
		Hawkes et al. [24]	having witnessed an arrest was associated with a greater likelihood to perform CPR and to use an AED	– to perform CPR (OR: 1.53) (95% CI: 1.17–2.01) – to use an AED (OR: 1.61) (95% CI: 1.23–2.12)
		Liaw et al. [27]	increase the confidence to perform CPR, use AED, identify victims with no signs of life, and the willingness to perform CPR and AED without hesitancy	– increase the confidence to perform CPR (z = – 8.56, p< 0.001) – use AED (z = – 8.93, p < 0.001) – identify victims with no signs of life (z = – 7.88, p < 0.001) – and the willingness to perform CPR and AED without hesitancy (z = – 8.91, p < 0.001)
Legal obligation		Son et al. [33]	increased the respondent’s willingness to perform CPR in South Korea under Korean EMS laws	– 66.9% of 130 respondents reported their willingness, (p = 0.017)
		Lee et al. [26]	increased the respondent’s willingness to use AEDs in South Korea under Korean EMS laws	– AOR: 1.45 (95% CI: 1.13–1.86)
		Pei-Chuan Huang et al. [28]	increased the respondent’s willingness to perform CPR in Taiwan under limited Good Samaritan immunity	– 85.4% of 916 respondent is reported their willingness

Notes: *High managerial, administrative, or professional; B: intermediate managerial, administrative, or professional; C1: supervisory, clerical, and junior managerial, administrative, or professional.