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. 2023 Aug 15;15:1221272. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1221272

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Copyright © 2023 Yu, Li, Li and Ge.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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An overview of the study design. Assumption 1: Relevance, instrument variants must be independent of each other and robustly associated with exposure. Assumption 2: Independence, instrument variants must be not associated with confounders between cytokines and delirium. Assumption 3: Exclusion restriction, instrument variants have no direct effects on the outcome, i.e., must go via the exposure. SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; MR, Mendelian randomization; IVW, inverse-variance weighted; MR-PRESSO, Mendelian randomization-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier.