Table B.1.

In vivo evidence for protective effect of antioxidants/free radical scavengers against OTA

Test system	Protective agent	Results	Reference
Pre‐ or Co‐treatment of rats after 4 weeks of OTA treatment	Melatonin	Inhibition of liver and kidney toxicity. Reduction of indicators of oxidative stress	Meki and Hussein (2001), Ozçelik et al. (2004), Abdel‐Wahhab et al. (2005), Sutken et al. (2007)
Rats	Red wine	Inhibition of kidney toxicity. Reduction of oxidative damage	Bertelli et al. (2005)
Rats	2‐mercaptoethane sulfonate (thiol)	Reduced karyomegaly but did not reduce the incidence of renal tumours	Pfohl‐Leszkowicz and Manderville (2007)
Mice	Emblica officinalis	Prevented loss of DNA, RNA and protein from liver and kidney	Verma and Chakraborty (2008)
Mice	Emblica officinalis	Reduced lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney	Chakraborty and Verma (2010b)
Mice	Red wine	Reduced oxidative stress and DNA strand breaks in kidney	Cipriani et al. (2011)
Rats	Lycopene	Reduced liver and kidney DNA strand breaks	Aydin et al. (2013)
Rats	Myricetin	Reduced oxidative stress and kidney toxicity based on histopathology	El‐Haleem et al. (2016)
Rats	Recombinant mitochondrial manganese containing superoxide dismutase	Prevention of hypertension and reduced glomerular filtration rate; prevention of renal and tubular degeneration	Ciarcia et al. (2016)
Rats	Inulacrithmoides extract	Reduced toxicity, reduced liver and kidney oxidative stress; reduced bone marrow micronuclei	Abdel‐Wahhab et al. (2008)
Rats	Mitochondrial manganese containing superoxide dismutase	Prevented nephrotoxicity and reduced the loss of sodium reabsorption in kidney proximal tubules	Damiano et al. (2018a)
Rats	Delta‐tocotrienol	Prevention of hypertension and reduced glomerular filtration rate and lowering of kidney antioxidant enzymes	Damiano et al. (2018b)

DNA: deoxynucleic acid; OTA: ochratoxin; RNA: ribonucleic acid.