Table B.2.

In vitro evidence for protective effect of antioxidants/free radical scavengers against OTA

Test system	Protective agent	Results	Reference
Human hepatoma cells (HepG2)	Alpha‐tocopherol, alpha‐tocopherolphosphate, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, catechin and rosmarinic acid	No protection against cytotoxicity	Bösch‐Saadatmandi et al. (2006)
Human proximal kidney tubule cells (HK‐2)	N‐Acetyl‐L‐cysteine	Reduction of reactive oxygen species and DNA strand breaks	Arbillaga et al. (2007)
Pretreatment of pig kidney cell line (LLC‐PK1)	Epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate (antioxidant catechins)	Reduction of cell death, reactive oxygen and DNA fragmentation	Costa et al. (2007)
Gut epithelial cell line (Caco‐2)	N‐acetylcysteine	Protected against loss of claudins from membranes associated with tight junctions	Lambert et al. (2007)
Intestinal cells (Caco‐2\TC7)	De‐alcoholated Red wine	Increased tight junction permeability Increased relocation of claudin‐4; Increased apoptosis	Ranaldi et al. (2007)
Bovine mammary epithelial cells; Porcine primary fibroblasts; Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK)	Alpha‐tocopherol	Decreased apoptotic cell death	Fusi et al. (2008, 2010, 2018)
Human hepatoma cells (HepG2)	Ebselen or vitamin E	No protection against cytotoxicity	El Golli Bennour et al. (2009)
Human Caco‐2\TC7 cells	Zinc chelation	Increased apoptosis and permeability of tight junctions (reversed by zinc supplementation)	Ranaldi et al. (2009)
Pig kidney cells (LLC‐PK1)	Leontopodic acid pretreatment	Reduced production of reactive oxygen species but did not inhibit cytotoxicity	Costa et al. (2010)
Primary rat hepatocytes	Silibinin	Decrease in apoptotic cell death; decreased lipid peroxidation	Essid and Petzinger (2011), Essid et al. (2012)
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells	N‐acetylcysteine	Reduction of reactive oxygen, DNA damage, cell cycle G1 arrest and downregulation of CDK4 and cyclinD1	Liu et al. (2012)
Monkey kidney cells (Vero cell line)	Quercetin	Reduced apoptosis and oxidative stress Reduced DNA damage	Ramyaa and Padma (2013)
Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK)	Diosmetin flavonoid	Prevents ATP depletion	Poór et al. (2014)
Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells	N‐acetylcysteine	Reduced reactive oxygen production; reduced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential; reduced loss of superoxide dismutase activity; reduced DNA strand breaks and cell cycle arrest	Yang et al. (2014)
Intestinal cells (Caco‐2)	Resveratrol	Increased cytotoxicity without an increase in reactive oxygen species	Cano‐Sancho et al. (2015)
Vero cells, and lymphocytes in vitro and mice in vivo	Polyphenols (caffeic acid, luteolin and chlorogenic acid	Reduction of cytotoxicity (chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid); inhibition of DNA strand breaks (caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid) and inhibition of micronucleation (chlorogenic acid)	Cariddi et al. (2015)
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes	Sodium copper chlorophyllin	Reduced cytotoxicity and reduced DNA damage	Domijan et al. (2015)
Porcine kidney cells (PK15)	Selenomethionine; overexpressed selenoprotein S	Reduced cytotoxicity (by selenomethionine, evidently via induction of glutathione peroxidase); Inhibition of promotion of viral replication (selenoprotein S)	Gan et al. (2015, 2016)
Human hepatoma cells (HepG2)	Vitamin E	Reduced cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen production	Gayathri et al. (2015)
Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293)	Resveratol	Reduced DNA strand breaks	Raghubeer et al. (2015)
Neuro‐2a cells	N‐acetylcysteine pretreatment	Protected against apoptotic cell death	Bhat et al. (2016)
Monkey kidney cells (Vero cell line)	Superoxide dismutase mimic (MnTnHex‐2‐PyP)	Decreased reactive oxygen concentration Decreased cytotoxicity	Costa et al. (2016)
Porcine kidney cells (PK‐15)	N‐acetylcysteine Selenomethionine	Reduced autophagy	Qian et al. (2017, 2018)

ATP: adenosin triphosphate; CDK4: Cyclin‐dependent kinase 4; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; OTA; ochratoxin A; G1: Gap 1 phase.