Table 3.

Results of studies in animal models with Cd exposure and vitamin C and vitamin E treatment, collected on PubMed in May 2021

Reference	Research model	Study description	Main results
54	Mice, BALB/c, male	–CG (N = 6) – CdCl2 (2 mg/kg b.w. orally for 21 days) –G1 (N = 6) – CdCl2 (2 mg/kg b.w. orally for 21 days) and vitamin E and C combination (200 mg/kg b.w. orally for 21 days)	Glvs.CG –serum: testosterone↑ –body weight gain:↑ –sperm: count↑, viability↑, anomaly↓, FPMS↑, SPMS↑, NPMS↓, NMS↓ –testis: histopathological changes↓, NOS2↓, apoptotic changes↓
24	Rats, Sprague Dawley	–CG (N = 8) – CdCl2 (0.2 mg/100 g b.w., single dose subcutaneously) –G1 (N = 8) – CdCl2 (0.2 mg/100 g b.w., single dose subcutaneously) and vitamin C (500 mg/l drinking water for 3 days) and vitamin E (150 mg/kg chow for 3 days)	Glvs.CG –serum: testosterone↑ –testis: StAR mRNA↑, 3β-HSD↑, 17β-HSD↑, MDA↓, SOD↑, GPx↑

FPMS – fast progressive motile sperm; mRNA – messenger ribonucleic acid; NMS – nonmotile spermatozoa; NOS2 – nitric oxide synthase 2; NPMS – nonprogressive progressive motile sperm;

SPMS – slow progressive motile sperm.

Other abbreviations and explanations as in Table 1.