. 2022 Nov 1;35(6):693–706. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01963

Table 3.

Changes in the variables in the studied women between baseline and month 3, the study conducted at the dietician's office in Rybnik and the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, September-November 2020

Variable	Participants (N = 48)(M±SD)
	non-snacking group (N = 21)		snacking group (N = 27)
	M±SD	effect size	M±SD	effect size
Anthropometric
body mass [kg]
baseline	79.21±11.74		78.11±12.27
month 3	72.58±11.99^a***	0.56^dc	71.17±12.28^a***	0.57^dc
BMI [kg/m²]
baseline	28.61±2.90		28.70±3.73
month 3	26.17±2.87^a***	0.84^dc	26.14±3.75^a***	0.69^dc
waist circumference [cm]
baseline	86.00±6.79		86.00±8.44
month 3	81.76±7.52^a***	0.58^dc	81.41±7.68^b***	0.88^r
hip circumference [cm]
baseline	105.14±8.11		104.85±6.94
month 3	101.05±7.29^a***	0.50^dc	101.00±6.60^b***	0.88^r
waist-to-hip ratio
baseline	0.82±0.05		0.82±0.06
month 3	0.81±0.06^b	0.28^r	0.81±0.07^b*	0.40^r
body fat [%]
baseline	34.30±4.75		35.46±5.36
month 3	32.08±4.88^a***	0.46^dc	32.37±4.87^a***	0.59^dc
Biochemical
glucose [mmol/l]
baseline	5.94±0.52		5.84±0.60
month 3	4.89±0.60^a***	1.87^dc	4.98±0.62^a***	1.41^dc
insulin [mU/l]
baseline	29.71±13.50		32.99±10.45
month 3	27.68±15.26^b	0.26^r	20.76±10.09^a***	1.19^dc
HOMA-IR
baseline	7.85±3.64		8.63±3.17
month 3	5.91±3.18^b**	0.57^r	4.67±2.52^a***	1.37^dc
cholesterol [mg/dl]
total
baseline	193.38±30.78		199.47±25.59
month 3	170.40±19.74^b***	0.88^r	164.89±14.73^b***	0.87^r
Biochemical – cont.
LDL
baseline	116.71±21.32		124.84±20.42
month 3	96.32±12.74^a	1.10^dc	90.03±13.87^a***	1.94^dc
HDL
baseline	46.92±11.91		47.50±11.22
month 3	52.43±10.82^b***	0.83^r	55.37±8.87^a***	0.76^dc
TG [mg/dl]
baseline	135.67±35.83		129.70±40.07
month 3	105.14±34.61^a***	0.87^dc	97.59±31.69^b***	0.87^r
TC/HDL
baseline	4.27±0.79		4.34±0.77
month 3	3.33±0.46^a***	1.34^dc	3.04±0.45^a***	1.88^dc
LDL/HDL
baseline	2.61±0.70		2.75±0.72
month 3	1.91±0.44^b***	0.88^r	1.68±0.41^a***	1.65^dc
TG/HDL
baseline	3.03±0.99		2.82±0.94
month 3	2.08±0.75^b***	0.88^r	1.80±0.67^a***	1.19^dc
atherogenic index of plasma
baseline	0.10±0.15		0.06±0.17
month 3	–0.07±0.17^b***	0.88^r	–0.13±0.16^b***	0.86^r

HDL – high-density lipoprotein, LDL – low-density lipoprotein, TC – total cholesterol, TG – triglicerydes.

HOMA-IR – Homeostatic Model Assesment of Insulin Resistance.

p < 0.05;^**p < 0.01;^***p < 0.001 for the difference between post-intervention and baseline measurements.

paired-samples t-test;^bWilcoxon signed-rank test.

Cohen's d (dc) – paired samples t-test effect size (0.2 to <0.3 – small effect, 0.5 to <0.8 – medium effect, and ≥0.8 large effect); r – Wilcoxon signed-rank test effect size (0.1 to <0.3 – small effect, 0.3 to <0.5 – medium effect, ≥0.5 – large effect).